SQL Schema Design: Foundations, Normal Forms, and Normalization
Summary: Proposes a new class of SQL-focused functional dependencies with axiomatic and linear-time implication, enabling a BCNF-like SQL normal form. For an expressive FD sub-class, a normalization algorithm yields Value-Redundancy Free Normal Form; some schemas resist BCNF, but experiments show these FDs are common in real data and reduce redundancies without loss. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
No non-self incoming citations found for this paper in this database.
Authors
- 1. Henning Köhler (Massey University)
- 2. Sebastian Link (University of Auckland)
BibTeX Citation
@inproceedings{kohler_sigmod16,
title = {{SQL Schema Design: Foundations, Normal Forms, and Normalization}},
author = {Köhler, Henning and Link, Sebastian},
series = {{SIGMOD} '16},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
doi = {10.1145/2882903.2915239},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2882903.2915239},
year = {2016}
}Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 7 of 7 citing papers.
| Rank | Citing Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,609 | Embedded Functional Dependencies and Data-completeness Tailored Database Design | 2019 | VLDB | 7.2602055e-05 |
| 5,690 | Normalizing Property Graphs | 2023 | VLDB | 6.1205402e-05 |
| 7,187 | Discovery Algorithms for Embedded Functional Dependencies | 2020 | SIGMOD | 5.6776392e-05 |
| 8,137 | Discovery and Ranking of Embedded Uniqueness Constraints | 2019 | VLDB | 5.4809275e-05 |
| 8,399 | DataProf: Semantic Profiling for Iterative Data Cleansing and Business Rule Acquisition | 2018 | SIGMOD | 5.4333402e-05 |
| 11,379 | Composite Object Normal Forms: Parameterizing Boyce-Codd Normal Form by the Number of Minimal Keys | 2023 | SIGMOD | 5.093636e-05 |
| 11,688 | Logical Schema Design that Quantifies Update Inefficiency and Join Efficiency | 2021 | SIGMOD | 5.093636e-05 |
Previous
Page 1 / 1
Next
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 4 of 4 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 540 | Synthesizing Independent Database Schemas | 1979 | SIGMOD | 0.0001686137 |
| 613 | Database Relations with Null Values (Extended Abstract) | 1982 | PODS | 0.00015723523 |
| 4,303 | Possible and Certain SQL Keys | 2015 | VLDB | 6.7711902e-05 |
| 12,414 | When Data Dependencies over SQL Tables Meet the Logics of Paradox and S-3 | 2010 | PODS | 5.093636e-05 |
Previous
Page 1 / 1
Next
Semantically Similar Papers
| # | Overall Rank | Paper | Year | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4,320 | Normalization and Optimization of Schema Mappings | 2009 | VLDB |
| 2 | 13,170 | Logical Design of Relational Database Schemes | 1987 | PODS |
| 3 | 4,232 | A Unified Approach to Functional Dependencies and Relations | 1975 | SIGMOD |
| 4 | 12,679 | On Redundancy vs Dependency Preservation in Normalization: An Information-Theoretic Study of 3NF | 2006 | PODS |
| 5 | 6,516 | The Design of non-1NF Relational Databases into Nested Normal Form | 1987 | SIGMOD |
| 6 | 5,690 | Normalizing Property Graphs | 2023 | VLDB |
| 7 | 3,437 | Reflections on Boyce-Codd Normal Form | 1982 | VLDB |
| 8 | 10,781 | Synthesizing Third Normal Form Schemata that Minimize Integrity Maintenance and Update Overheads: Parameterizing 3NF by the Numbers of Minimal Keys and Functional Dependencies | 2025 | SIGMOD |
| 9 | 3,609 | Embedded Functional Dependencies and Data-completeness Tailored Database Design | 2019 | VLDB |
| 10 | 11,688 | Logical Schema Design that Quantifies Update Inefficiency and Join Efficiency | 2021 | SIGMOD |