A Comparative Study of Secondary Indexing Techniques in LSM-based NoSQL Databases

Summary: Taxonomy of NoSQL secondary indexes: Embedded vs Stand-alone. LevelDB++ implements 5 index types atop LevelDB; empirical study shows no single winner; embedded indexes boost write throughput and space efficiency, stand-alone indexes speed up queries; workload-driven guideline. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5546
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2018
Pagerank: 5.4019839e-05
Overall Rank: 5,631 | 60.83%
DOI: 10.1145/3183713.3196900

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
4,914	On Performance Stability in LSM-based Storage Systems	2020	VLDB	5.8315684e-05
5,791	Dissecting, Designing, and Optimizing LSM-based Data Stores	2022	SIGMOD	5.3268999e-05
5,918	Breaking Down Memory Walls: Adaptive Memory Management in LSM-based Storage Systems	2021	VLDB	5.2737135e-05
7,620	Learning to Optimize LSM-trees: Towards A Reinforcement Learning based Key-Value Store for Dynamic Workloads	2023	SIGMOD	4.693568e-05
7,743	Efficient Data Ingestion and Query Processing for LSM-Based Storage Systems	2019	VLDB	4.6626575e-05
8,805	ArceKV: Towards Workload-driven LSM-compactions for Key-Value Store Under Dynamic Workloads	2026	VLDB	4.4466855e-05
9,317	Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example	2025	VLDB	4.3556432e-05
9,824	NEXT: A New Secondary Index Framework for LSM-based Data Storage	2025	SIGMOD	4.2751057e-05
9,987	A Multi-tenant Relational OLTP Database at Salesforce	2026	CIDR	4.1945683e-05
10,367	Aster: Enhancing LSM-structures for Scalable Graph Database	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
11,672	Block as a Value for SQL over NoSQL	2019	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 5 of 5 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
569	Optimizing Space Amplification in RocksDB	2017	CIDR	0.00019924098
1,577	PaxosStore: High-availability Storage Made Practical in WeChat	2017	VLDB	0.00011285777
2,021	Storage Management in AsterixDB	2014	VLDB	9.7601304e-05
3,092	Asynchronous View Maintenance for VLSD Databases	2009	SIGMOD	7.5800633e-05
3,291	Database Replication: a Tale of Research across Communities	2010	VLDB	7.266902e-05

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Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
6,445	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	5.0589805e-05
12,295	Secondary Indexing in One Dimension: Beyond B-trees and Bitmap Indexes	2009	PODS	4.1945683e-05
4,128	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4292373e-05
3,793	Constructing and Analyzing the LSM Compaction Design Space	2021	VLDB	6.7617833e-05
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7,743	Efficient Data Ingestion and Query Processing for LSM-Based Storage Systems	2019	VLDB	4.6626575e-05
9,824	NEXT: A New Secondary Index Framework for LSM-based Data Storage	2025	SIGMOD	4.2751057e-05