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Automatically Indexing Millions of Databases in Microsoft Azure SQL Database

Summary: Industrial-strength auto-indexing service for Azure SQL Database that auto-recommends and applies indexes across millions of databases, enabling broad deployment and notable performance gains. Describes architecture, design choices, implementation, and large-scale production validation on real workloads. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
5648
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2019
Pagerank
9.6883066e-05
Overall Rank
2,050 | 85.76%
DOI
10.1145/3299869.3314035

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 38 of 38 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,856 AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010319105
2,022 Magic mirror in my hand, which is the best in the land? An Experimental Evaluation of Index Selection Algorithms 2020 VLDB 9.7623022e-05
2,140 Diagnosing Root Causes of Intermittent Slow Queries in Cloud Databases 2020 VLDB 9.4565836e-05
3,144 Active Learning for ML Enhanced Database Systems 2020 SIGMOD 7.4844943e-05
3,396 Towards Cost-Effective and Elastic Cloud Database Deployment via Memory Disaggregation 2021 VLDB 7.1396933e-05
3,435 Real-time Workload Pattern Analysis for Large-scale Cloud Databases 2023 VLDB 7.0946114e-05
4,216 Make Your Database System Dream of Electric Sheep: Towards Self-Driving Operation 2021 VLDB 6.3448176e-05
4,227 Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine 2022 VLDB 6.3381409e-05
4,377 HUNTER: An Online Cloud Database Hybrid Tuning System for Personalized Requirements 2022 SIGMOD 6.2331947e-05
4,447 MorphoSys: Automatic Physical Design Metamorphosis for Distributed Database Systems 2020 VLDB 6.1745324e-05
4,587 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.0594195e-05
4,592 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 6.056004e-05
4,621 Automated Generation of Materialized Views in Oracle 2020 VLDB 6.036749e-05
5,343 Learned Index Benefits: Machine Learning Based Index Performance Estimation 2022 VLDB 5.5582234e-05
5,673 Budget-aware Index Tuning with Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 5.3789277e-05
5,925 HMAB: Self-Driving Hierarchy of Bandits for Integrated Physical Database Design Tuning 2023 VLDB 5.2669029e-05
6,066 Flexible Resource Allocation for Relational Database-as-a-Service 2023 VLDB 5.225259e-05
6,364 ISUM: Efficiently Compressing Large and Complex Workloads for Scalable Index Tuning 2022 SIGMOD 5.0895007e-05
6,753 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 4.9345582e-05
7,168 PolarDB-MP: A Multi-Primary Cloud-Native Database via Disaggregated Shared Memory 2024 SIGMOD 4.8073922e-05
7,291 Multi-Tenant Cloud Data Services: State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Opportunities 2022 SIGMOD 4.7677422e-05
7,993 RCRank: Multimodal Ranking of Root Causes of Slow Queries in Cloud Database Systems 2025 VLDB 4.6080455e-05
8,003 The Holon Approach for Simultaneously Tuning Multiple Components in a Self-Driving Database Management System with Machine Learning via Synthesized Proto-Actions 2024 VLDB 4.6049527e-05
8,036 Tastes Great! Less Filling! High Performance and Accurate Training Data Collection for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2022 SIGMOD 4.5965825e-05
8,043 DISTILL: Low-Overhead Data-Driven Techniques for Filtering and Costing Indexes for Scalable Index Tuning 2022 VLDB 4.5954398e-05
8,714 Tiresias: Enabling Predictive Autonomous Storage and Indexing 2022 VLDB 4.457682e-05
8,781 Bringing Cloud-Native Storage to SAP IQ 2021 SIGMOD 4.4479873e-05
9,012 Hit the Gym: Accelerating Query Execution to Efficiently Bootstrap Behavior Models for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2024 VLDB 4.4059413e-05
9,124 PolarDB-SCC: A Cloud-Native Database Ensuring Low Latency for Strongly Consistent Reads 2023 VLDB 4.3875066e-05
9,141 Automatic SQL Error Mitigation in Oracle 2023 VLDB 4.382234e-05
9,358 Db2une: Tuning Under Pressure via Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3480651e-05
9,469 Database Gyms 2023 CIDR 4.3304872e-05
10,125 Understanding and Detecting Query Performance Regression in Practical Index Tuning: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,244 DBAIOps: A Reasoning LLM-Enhanced Database Operation and Maintenance System using Knowledge Graphs 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,435 Automated Database Tuning vs. Human-Based Tuning in a Simulated Stressful Work Environment: A Demonstration of the Database Gym 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,780 Automatic Indexing in Oracle 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,788 From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB's Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,796 SQL:Trek Automated Index Design at Airbnb 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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