FoundationDB Record Layer: A Multi-Tenant Structured Datastore
Summary: FoundationDB Record Layer is a multitenant, record-oriented datastore on FoundationDB, with schema management and nested indexes. Stateless and tenant-isolated, it scales to billions of databases; CloudKit powers hundreds of millions of users with richer APIs. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Authors
- 1. Christos Chrysafis (Apple)
- 2. Ben Collins (Apple)
- 3. Scott Dugas (Apple)
- 4. Jay Dunkelberger (Apple)
- 5. Moussa Ehsan (Apple)
- 6. Scott Gray (Apple)
- 7. Alec Grieser (Apple)
- 8. Ori Herrnstadt (Apple)
- 9. Kfir Lev-Ari (Apple)
- 10. Tao Lin (Apple)
- 11. Mike McMahon (Apple)
- 12. Nicholas Schiefer (Apple)
- 13. Alexander Shraer (Apple)
BibTeX Citation
@inproceedings{chrysafis_sigmod19,
title = {{FoundationDB Record Layer: A Multi-Tenant Structured Datastore}},
author = {Chrysafis, Christos and Collins, Ben and Dugas, Scott and Dunkelberger, Jay and Ehsan, Moussa and Gray, Scott and Grieser, Alec and Herrnstadt, Ori and Lev-Ari, Kfir and Lin, Tao and McMahon, Mike and Schiefer, Nicholas and Shraer, Alexander},
series = {{SIGMOD} '19},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
doi = {10.1145/3299869.3314039},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3299869.3314039},
year = {2019}
}
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 3 of 3 citing papers.
| Rank | Citing Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 208 | CockroachDB: The Resilient Geo-Distributed SQL Database | 2020 | SIGMOD | 0.00024968157 |
| 2,469 | FoundationDB: A Distributed Unbundled Transactional Key Value Store | 2021 | SIGMOD | 8.5354086e-05 |
| 11,686 | QuiCK: A Queuing System in CloudKit | 2021 | SIGMOD | 5.093636e-05 |
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 10 of 10 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System | 1979 | SIGMOD | 0.0024089429 |
| 47 | PNUTS: Yahoo!'s Hosted Data Serving Platform | 2008 | VLDB | 0.00044503718 |
| 126 | Schism: a Workload-Driven Approach to Database Replication and Partitioning | 2010 | VLDB | 0.00030779127 |
| 144 | Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services | 2011 | CIDR | 0.00029554682 |
| 164 | The Dangers of Replication and a Solution | 1996 | SIGMOD | 0.00027698879 |
| 471 | Skew-Aware Automatic Database Partitioning in Shared-Nothing, Parallel OLTP Systems | 2012 | SIGMOD | 0.0001793564 |
| 845 | Spanner: Becoming a SQL System | 2017 | SIGMOD | 0.00013660379 |
| 1,621 | Orca: A Modular Query Optimizer Architecture for Big Data | 2014 | SIGMOD | 0.00010203114 |
| 1,667 | Amazon DynamoDB: A Seamlessly Scalable Non-relational Datastore | 2012 | SIGMOD | 0.00010066726 |
| 13,528 | CloudKit: Structured Storage for Mobile Applications | 2018 | VLDB | - |
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| 2 | 6,299 | BlockchainDB - Towards a Shared Database on Blockchains | 2019 | SIGMOD |
| 3 | 1,000 | Unbundling Transaction Services in the Cloud | 2009 | CIDR |
| 4 | 10,471 | Making LSM-Tree-based Key-Value Store Practical and Efficient for Multi-Tenant Serverless Cloud Databases | 2026 | SIGMOD |
| 5 | 10,134 | A Multi-tenant Relational OLTP Database at Salesforce | 2026 | CIDR |
| 6 | 2,805 | LogBase: A Scalable Log-structured Database System in the Cloud | 2012 | VLDB |
| 7 | 4,632 | LogStore: A Cloud-Native and Multi-Tenant Log Database | 2021 | SIGMOD |
| 8 | 13,528 | CloudKit: Structured Storage for Mobile Applications | 2018 | VLDB |
| 9 | 11,686 | QuiCK: A Queuing System in CloudKit | 2021 | SIGMOD |
| 10 | 2,469 | FoundationDB: A Distributed Unbundled Transactional Key Value Store | 2021 | SIGMOD |