BullFrog: Online Schema Evolution via Lazy Evaluation
Summary: BullFrog enables online, single-step schema migrations with no downtime by lazily migrating data on access. A PostgreSQL extension enabling concurrency control and exactly-once migration; experiments on a TPC-C-like workload show near-zero throughput and latency impact. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Authors
- 1. Souvik Bhattacherjee (ServiceNow; University of Maryland)
- 2. Gang Liao (University of Maryland)
- 3. Michael Hicks (University of Maryland)
- 4. Daniel J. Abadi (University of Maryland)
BibTeX Citation
@inproceedings{bhattacherjee_sigmod21,
title = {{BullFrog: Online Schema Evolution via Lazy Evaluation}},
author = {Bhattacherjee, Souvik and Liao, Gang and Hicks, Michael and Abadi, Daniel J.},
series = {{SIGMOD} '21},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
doi = {10.1145/3448016.3452842},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448016.3452842},
year = {2021}
}Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 4 of 4 citing papers.
| Rank | Citing Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,547 | Beyond Relations: A Case for Elevating to the Entity-Relationship Abstraction | 2025 | CIDR | 6.1790655e-05 |
| 7,285 | Bullion: A Column Store for Machine Learning | 2025 | CIDR | 5.6559604e-05 |
| 8,832 | Online Schema Evolution is (Almost) Free for Snapshot Databases | 2023 | VLDB | 5.36029e-05 |
| 10,994 | MD-MVCC: Multi-version Concurrency Control for Schema Changes in Azure SQL Database | 2025 | VLDB | 5.093636e-05 |
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 226 | OLTP-Bench: An Extensible Testbed for Benchmarking Relational Databases | 2014 | VLDB | 0.00024027277 |
| 741 | Zephyr: Live Migration in Shared Nothing Databases for Elastic Cloud Platforms | 2011 | SIGMOD | 0.00014442062 |
| 902 | Albatross: Lightweight Elasticity in Shared Storage Databases for the Cloud using Live Data Migration | 2011 | VLDB | 0.00013328979 |
| 1,063 | High Performance Transactions via Early Write Visibility | 2017 | VLDB | 0.00012343623 |
| 3,053 | Lazy Evaluation of Transactions in Database Systems | 2014 | SIGMOD | 7.8098188e-05 |
| 3,186 | Feral Concurrency Control: An Empirical Investigation of Modern Application Integrity | 2015 | SIGMOD | 7.6559187e-05 |
| 3,484 | Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1 | 2013 | VLDB | 7.3716387e-05 |
| 6,486 | Madeus: Database Live Migration Middleware under Heavy Workloads for Cloud Environment | 2015 | SIGMOD | 5.8651891e-05 |
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