PG-Keys: Keys for Property Graphs

Summary: PG-Keys proposes a flexible key-constraint framework for property graphs (nodes, edges, properties) with modes exclusive, mandatory, and singleton to enforce data integrity and enable cross-entity referencing. Built by LDBC's Property Graph Schema WG to steer ISO GQL standardization toward constraint-aware, expressive graph schemas. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 6251
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2021
Pagerank: 7.2370328e-05
Overall Rank: 3,310 | 77.00%
DOI: 10.1145/3448016.3457561

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 23 of 23 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1,782	PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs	2023	SIGMOD	0.00010557905
2,504	Graph Pattern Matching in GQL and SQL/PGQ	2022	SIGMOD	8.629969e-05
5,527	Representing Paths in Graph Database Pattern Matching	2023	VLDB	5.4573655e-05
5,672	Implementation Strategies for Views over Property Graphs	2024	SIGMOD	5.3796057e-05
5,911	Normalizing Property Graphs	2023	VLDB	5.2718035e-05
6,899	Containment of Graph Queries Modulo Schema	2024	PODS	4.8878659e-05
7,021	DuckPGQ: Bringing SQL/PGQ to DuckDB	2023	VLDB	4.8546368e-05
7,734	AeonG: An Efficient Built-in Temporal Support in Graph Databases	2024	VLDB	4.6599626e-05
8,947	Towards Theory for Real-World Data	2022	PODS	4.4216375e-05
9,036	Transforming RDF Graphs to Property Graphs using Standardized Schemas	2024	SIGMOD	4.3997447e-05
9,154	PG-Triggers: Triggers for Property Graphs	2024	SIGMOD	4.380727e-05
9,676	Schema-Based Query Optimisation for Graph Databases	2025	SIGMOD	4.3006524e-05
10,235	Repairing Property Graphs under PG-Constraints	2026	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,250	Structural Normalization of Property Graphs	2026	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,388	Entity/Relationship Graphs: Principled Design, Modeling, and Data Integrity Management of Graph Databases	2025	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
10,529	LICS: Towards Theory-Informed Effective Visual Abstraction of Property Graph Schemas	2025	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
10,722	What If: Causal Analysis with Graph Databases	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,791	GalaxyWeaver: Autonomous Table-to-Graph Conversion and Schema Optimization with Large Language Models	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,838	When Entity/Relationship Models Meet Graph Databases	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,843	Property Graph Standards: State of the Art & Open Challenges	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
10,849	Versatile Property Graph Transformations	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,079	KGFabric: A Scalable Knowledge Graph Warehouse for Enterprise Data Interconnection	2024	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
11,082	Complex-Path: Effective and Efficient Node Ranking with Paths in Billion-Scale Heterogeneous Graphs	2024	VLDB	4.1905499e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
97	Maintaining Views Incrementally	1993	SIGMOD	0.00050863077
482	Incremental Maintenance of Views with Duplicates	1995	SIGMOD	0.00022145976
530	The LDBC Social Network Benchmark: Interactive Workload	2015	SIGMOD	0.00020823189
657	An Analytical Study of Large SPARQL Query Logs	2018	VLDB	0.00018581389
787	Cypher: An Evolving Query Language for Property Graphs	2018	SIGMOD	0.00016624372
964	G-CORE: A Core for Future Graph Query Languages	2018	SIGMOD	0.00014967208
2,517	Dependencies for Graphs	2017	PODS	8.6058545e-05
2,728	Keys for Graphs	2015	VLDB	8.2228869e-05
2,832	Regular Path Query Evaluation on Streaming Graphs	2020	SIGMOD	8.048358e-05
4,187	Aggregation Support for Modern Graph Analytics in TigerGraph	2020	SIGMOD	6.3700415e-05
7,505	BonXai: Combining the simplicity of DTD with the expressiveness of XML Schema	2015	PODS	4.7135369e-05
8,071	Updating Graph Databases with Cypher	2019	VLDB	4.5890643e-05
8,802	Coping with Incomplete Data: Recent Advances	2020	PODS	4.4428211e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
9,038	Transforming Property Graphs	2024	VLDB	4.3997447e-05
7,712	GQL and SQL/PGQ: Theoretical Models and Expressive Power	2025	VLDB	4.6667433e-05
10,388	Entity/Relationship Graphs: Principled Design, Modeling, and Data Integrity Management of Graph Databases	2025	SIGMOD	4.1905499e-05
9,036	Transforming RDF Graphs to Property Graphs using Standardized Schemas	2024	SIGMOD	4.3997447e-05
10,250	Structural Normalization of Property Graphs	2026	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
5,663	GPC: A Pattern Calculus for Property Graphs	2023	PODS	5.3853781e-05
10,849	Versatile Property Graph Transformations	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
2,504	Graph Pattern Matching in GQL and SQL/PGQ	2022	SIGMOD	8.629969e-05
10,843	Property Graph Standards: State of the Art & Open Challenges	2025	VLDB	4.1905499e-05
1,782	PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs	2023	SIGMOD	0.00010557905