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FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries

Summary: FactorJoin blends histogram efficiency with learned correlations. Offline single-table distributions and a factor-graph join model enable cardinality estimates without denormalization or workloads; small footprint and 40x latency, 100x smaller model. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6545
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2023
Pagerank
6.5519369e-05
Overall Rank
3,992 | 72.26%
DOI
10.1145/3588721

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 32 of 32 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
4,413 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.1989918e-05
5,405 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5243727e-05
5,844 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 5.3060581e-05
6,382 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0835686e-05
6,901 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 4.8878659e-05
6,967 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 4.875312e-05
7,118 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8204951e-05
7,994 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 4.607322e-05
8,834 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.4351469e-05
9,233 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 4.3648789e-05
9,322 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 4.351469e-05
9,487 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3300131e-05
9,621 ShadowAQP: Efficient Approximate Group-by and Join Query via Attribute-oriented Sample Size Allocation and Data Generation 2023 VLDB 4.3125802e-05
9,811 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 4.2742278e-05
9,824 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
9,841 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2685233e-05
9,845 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 4.2680295e-05
9,877 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 4.2615675e-05
9,916 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 4.2520778e-05
9,959 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2254157e-05
9,987 I Can't Believe It's Not Yannakakis: Pragmatic Bitmap Filters in Microsoft SQL Server 2026 CIDR 4.1905499e-05
10,018 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,149 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,241 Robust Predicate Transfer with Dynamic Execution 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,271 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,455 LpBound in Action: Cardinality Estimation with One-Sided Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,627 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,733 Improving DBMS Scheduling Decisions with Accurate Performance Prediction on Concurrent Queries 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,778 veDB-HTAP: a Highly Integrated, Efficient and Adaptive HTAP System 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,872 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,986 A Universal Sketch for Estimating Heavy Hitters and Per-Element Frequency Moments in Data Streams with Bounded Deletions 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,087 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 45 of 45 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
92 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00051431888
100 On the Propagation of Errors in the Size of Join Results 1991 SIGMOD 0.00050033475
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
181 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036970794
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
325 The History of Histograms (abridged) 2003 VLDB 0.00027398081
328 Balancing Histogram Optimality and Practicality for Query Result Size Estimation 1995 SIGMOD 0.00027301497
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021385343
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
801 Universality of Serial Histograms 1993 VLDB 0.00016440976
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
838 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016024923
876 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00015660534
905 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423174
941 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015147831
995 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00014745185
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,372 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001233325
1,452 What do Shannon-type Inequalities, Submodular Width, and Disjunctive Datalog have to do with one another? 2017 PODS 0.00011922523
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011050093
2,080 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5954034e-05
2,143 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 9.4437798e-05
2,167 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.3879598e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.955077e-05
2,671 A Black-Box Approach to Query Cardinality Estimation 2007 CIDR 8.3385014e-05
2,769 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1512848e-05
2,781 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 8.1282042e-05
2,844 Selectivity Estimation in Extensible Databases - A Neural Network Approach 1998 VLDB 8.0308994e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
3,144 Active Learning for ML Enhanced Database Systems 2020 SIGMOD 7.4844943e-05
3,492 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0435484e-05
3,644 G-CARE: A Framework for Performance Benchmarking of Cardinality Estimation Techniques for Subgraph Matching 2020 SIGMOD 6.8842065e-05
3,924 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 6.6227223e-05
4,526 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.1079584e-05
4,543 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 6.0953507e-05
5,250 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 5.6007779e-05
5,994 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 5.2367998e-05
6,774 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9253635e-05
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Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,382 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0835686e-05
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
832 Learning Linear Regression Models over Factorized Joins 2016 SIGMOD 0.00016089705
10,627 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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4,413 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.1989918e-05
2,143 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 9.4437798e-05
1,699 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010848882
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