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The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Multi-Dimensional Index for Objects

Summary: Introduces R+-trees, a dynamic multidimensional index that eliminates overlapping rectangles in internal nodes through object duplication/splitting. Detailed search, update, packing, and reorganization algorithms yield up to 50% fewer disk accesses than R-trees. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
8025
Venue
VLDB
Year
1987
Pagerank
0.00046170812
Overall Rank
42 | 99.72%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{sellis_vldb87,
        title = {{The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Multi-Dimensional Index for Objects}},
        author = {Sellis, Timos and Roussopoulos, Nick and Faloutsos, Christos},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '87},
        year = {1987}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 98 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
41 Fast Subsequence Matching in Time-Series Databases 1994 SIGMOD 0.00046675394
46 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00044853085
85 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.00035405879
202 Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems (Extended Abstract) 1995 VLDB 0.00025454884
277 The SR-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Queries 1997 SIGMOD 0.00022537944
329 Hilbert R-tree: An Improved R-tree Using Fractals 1994 VLDB 0.00021068647
351 CURE: An Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Large Databases 1998 SIGMOD 0.00020424271
407 PREFER: A System for the Efficient Execution of Multiparametric Ranked Queries 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019021441
449 Query Processing in Spatial Network Databases 2003 VLDB 0.0001826404
468 Fast Time Sequence Indexing for Arbitrary Lp Norms 2000 VLDB 0.00017986163
483 FastMap: A Fast Algorithm for Indexing, Data-Mining and Visualization of Traditional and Multimedia Datasets 1995 SIGMOD 0.00017756569
522 Multi-Step Processing of Spatial Joins 1994 SIGMOD 0.00017133516
546 Influence Sets Based on Reverse Nearest Neighbor Queries 2000 SIGMOD 0.00016734556
592 Distance-Based Indexing For High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 1997 SIGMOD 0.00016029789
726 Client-Server Paradise 1994 VLDB 0.0001460632
815 Fast Nearest Neighbor Search in Medical Image Databases 1996 VLDB 0.00013835761
868 Requirements for Science Data Bases and SciDB 2009 CIDR 0.00013504796
896 On Indexing Mobile Objects 1999 PODS 0.0001334014
994 Spatial Hash-Joins 1996 SIGMOD 0.00012764684
1,019 Redundancy in Spatial Databases 1989 SIGMOD 0.00012622386
1,139 Managing Intervals Efficiently in Object-Relational Databases 2000 VLDB 0.0001202217
1,219 Processing Queries By Linear Constraints 1997 PODS 0.00011620957
1,281 Continuous Nearest Neighbor Search 2002 VLDB 0.00011349245
1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010835539
1,428 Implementing Large Production Systems in a DBMS Environment: Concepts and Algorithms 1988 SIGMOD 0.00010811922
1,529 On Two-Dimensional Indexability and Optimal Range Search Indexing (Extended Abstract) 1999 PODS 0.00010482997
1,561 Efficient Searching with Linear Constraints (Extended Abstract) 1998 PODS 0.00010361147
1,572 LazyLSH: Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for Multiple Distance Functions with a Single Index 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010329197
1,636 Relaxing Join and Selection Queries 2006 VLDB 0.00010156479
1,776 Efficient User-Adaptable Similarity Search in Large Multimedia Databases 1997 VLDB 9.7853414e-05
1,840 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.6404567e-05
1,880 Scalable Sweeping-Based Spatial Join 1998 VLDB 9.5562066e-05
1,978 Optimizing Multidimensional Index Trees for Main Memory Access 2001 SIGMOD 9.3627341e-05
2,127 Selectivity Estimation in Spatial Databases 1999 SIGMOD 9.127762e-05
2,135 Path Caching: A Technique for Optimal External Searching (Extended Abstract) 1994 PODS 9.1133971e-05
2,310 Spatial Joins Using Seeded Trees 1994 SIGMOD 8.7650894e-05
2,327 Capacity Constrained Assignment in Spatial Databases 2008 SIGMOD 8.7476945e-05
2,341 Parallel R-trees 1992 SIGMOD 8.7233426e-05
2,548 Spatial Joins Using R-trees: Breadth-First Traversal with Global Optimizations 1997 VLDB 8.432498e-05
2,648 On Effective Multi-Dimensional Indexing for Strings 2000 SIGMOD 8.2957097e-05
2,776 Segment Indexes: Dynamic Indexing Techniques for Multi-Dimensional Interval Data 1991 SIGMOD 8.1356669e-05
2,794 A Demonstration of SpatialHadoop: An Efficient MapReduce Framework for Spatial Data 2013 VLDB 8.1167671e-05
3,043 The DEDALE System for Complex Spatial Queries 1998 SIGMOD 7.8228924e-05
3,066 Size Separation Spatial Join 1997 SIGMOD 7.7941163e-05
3,217 Quadtree and R-tree Indexes in Oracle Spatial: A Comparison using GIS Data 2002 SIGMOD 7.6314544e-05
3,290 Topological Relations in the World of Minimum Bounding Rectangles: A Study with R-trees 1995 SIGMOD 7.5531472e-05
3,593 The Priority R-Tree: A Practically Efficient and Worst-Case Optimal R-Tree 2004 SIGMOD 7.2750277e-05
3,790 OODB Indexing by Class-Division 1995 SIGMOD 7.1239529e-05
3,972 Tight bounds for 2-dimensional indexing schemes 1998 PODS 6.9814651e-05
4,070 Analysis of n-dimensional Quadtrees Using the Hausdorff Fractal Dimension 1996 VLDB 6.9272604e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 5 of 5 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0020210012
8 The K-D-B-Tree: A Search Structure for Large Multidimensional Dynamic Indexes 1981 SIGMOD 0.00082404462
96 Spatial Query Processing in an Object-Oriented Database System 1986 SIGMOD 0.00034590762
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.0003221055
1,814 Analysis Of Object Oriented Spatial Access Methods 1987 SIGMOD 9.6928497e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

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