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Effectively Learning Spatial Indices

Summary: Proposes a learned index for 2D spatial data using rank-space ordering to form an indexable sequence and block-wise learning for scalability. A recursive partitioning strategy, with experiments on 100M+ points, yields query speedups of over an order of magnitude versus R-trees and prior learned indexes. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12308
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
9.6404567e-05
Overall Rank
1,840 | 87.38%
DOI
10.14778/3407790.3407829

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{qi_vldb20,
        title = {{Effectively Learning Spatial Indices}},
        author = {Qi, Jianzhong and Liu, Guanli and Jensen, Christian S. and Kulik, Lars},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {11},
        pages = {2341--2354},
        doi = {10.14778/3407790.3407829},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3407790.3407829},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 32 of 32 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,806 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1013097e-05
2,910 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9700885e-05
3,729 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.1683974e-05
3,792 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1220982e-05
4,300 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.773869e-05
4,751 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.5241784e-05
4,780 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.5118885e-05
5,148 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3465986e-05
5,423 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.2242567e-05
5,447 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.2149491e-05
6,459 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.8727182e-05
6,537 Range Search over Encrypted Multi-Attribute Data 2023 VLDB 5.8478276e-05
6,670 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.8074043e-05
6,687 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.8022308e-05
7,376 LiteHST: A Tree Embedding based Method for Similarity Search 2023 SIGMOD 5.6298131e-05
8,003 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.5084586e-05
8,048 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.5003171e-05
8,200 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.4677285e-05
8,986 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.3387783e-05
9,626 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.2434488e-05
9,739 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 5.227679e-05
9,974 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
10,262 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,267 Mathematical Foundations of Poisoning Attacks on Linear Regression over Cumulative Distribution Functions 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,469 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,569 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,617 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,672 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,193 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
11,342 Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves 2024 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,478 Demonstrating Waffle: A Self-driving Grid Index 2023 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,534 Faster and Better Solution to Embed Lp Metrics by Tree Metrics 2022 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 23 of 23 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0020210012
4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.001157935
8 The K-D-B-Tree: A Search Structure for Large Multidimensional Dynamic Indexes 1981 SIGMOD 0.00082404462
28 Nearest Neighbor Queries 1995 SIGMOD 0.00052102434
42 The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Multi-Dimensional Index for Objects 1987 VLDB 0.00046170812
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.0003221055
253 A Class of Data Structures for Associative Searching 1984 PODS 0.00023200431
329 Hilbert R-tree: An Improved R-tree Using Fractals 1994 VLDB 0.00021068647
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
477 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017851226
568 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.0001641553
726 Client-Server Paradise 1994 VLDB 0.0001460632
790 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.0001401445
864 The Pyramid-Technique: Towards Breaking the Curse of Dimensionality 1998 SIGMOD 0.00013522522
873 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013481915
1,135 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012032847
1,202 Fractals for Secondary Key Retrieval 1989 PODS 0.00011672157
1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010835539
1,877 The LSD tree: spatial access to multidimensional point and non-point objects 1989 VLDB 9.5658249e-05
2,020 Query and Update Efficient B+-Tree Based Indexing of Moving Objects 2004 VLDB 9.2983514e-05
2,974 A Revised R*-tree in Comparison with Related Index Structures 2009 SIGMOD 7.9083221e-05
7,151 Theoretically Optimal and Empirically Efficient R-trees with Strong Parallelizability 2018 VLDB 5.6873519e-05
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