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Natural language to SQL: Where are we today?

Summary: A unified evaluation of 11 NL2SQL methods across 10+ benchmarks, including WTQ and TPC-H, exposes hidden dataset/method assumptions and inadequacies of standard metrics. It provides a taxonomy, systematic error analysis, and database-backed validation via query rewriting and testing. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h431ce5d2d91ba028
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00014066246
Overall Rank
778 | 94.78%
DOI
10.14778/3401960.3401970
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{kim_vldb20,
        title = {{Natural language to SQL: Where are we today?}},
        author = {Kim, Hyeonji and So, Byeong-Hoon and Han, Wook-Shin and Lee, Hongrae},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {10},
        pages = {1737--1750},
        doi = {10.14778/3401960.3401970},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3401960.3401970},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 27 of 27 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,356 CatSQL: Towards Real World Natural Language to SQL Applications 2023 VLDB 0.00010920878
1,387 Symphony: Towards Natural Language Query Answering over Multi-modal Data Lakes 2023 CIDR 0.00010829741
2,273 The Design of an LLM-powered Unstructured Analytics System 2025 CIDR 8.7093949e-05
3,353 MT-Teql: Evaluating and Augmenting Neural NLIDB on Real-world Linguistic and Schema Variations 2022 VLDB 7.3866512e-05
3,508 Serving and Optimizing Machine Learning Workflows on Heterogeneous Infrastructures 2023 VLDB 7.2455881e-05
4,229 Cracking SQL Barriers: An LLM-based Dialect Translation System 2025 SIGMOD 6.7133739e-05
4,865 Synthesizing Natural Language to Visualization (NL2VIS) Benchmarks from NL2SQL Benchmarks 2021 SIGMOD 6.3740341e-05
6,004 MOCHA: A Tool for Visualizing Impact of Operator Choices in Query Execution Plans for Database Education 2022 VLDB 5.914455e-05
7,956 The Power of Constraints in Natural Language to SQL Translation 2025 VLDB 5.4172636e-05
8,271 Automated Data Visualization from Natural Language via Large Language Models: An Exploratory Study 2024 SIGMOD 5.362576e-05
8,582 OmniMatch: Joinability Discovery in Data Products 2025 VLDB 5.3097022e-05
9,183 Towards Enhancing Database Education: Natural Language Generation Meets Query Execution Plans 2021 SIGMOD 5.2110621e-05
9,201 Data-Driven Insight Synthesis for Multi-Dimensional Data 2024 VLDB 5.2086045e-05
9,313 Sphinteract: Resolving Ambiguities in NL2SQL Through User Interaction 2025 VLDB 5.1953926e-05
9,498 LLM-PBE: Assessing Data Privacy in Large Language Models 2024 VLDB 5.168414e-05
9,705 Experimental Analysis of Large-scale Learnable Vector Storage Compression 2024 VLDB 5.1357625e-05
9,739 CAFE: Towards Compact, Adaptive, and Fast Embedding for Large-scale Recommendation Models 2024 SIGMOD 5.1325223e-05
9,950 Wred: Workload Reduction for Scalable Index Tuning 2024 SIGMOD 5.102891e-05
10,729 TACO: A Benchmark for Open-Domain Text-to-SQL with Ambiguous and Cross-Database Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,790 SafeQL: Search-based Refinement for Safe and Efficient LLM-based Text-to-SQL 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,901 Dial: A Knowledge-Grounded Dialect-Specific NL2SQL System 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,385 Towards Automated Cross-domain Exploratory Data Analysis through Large Language Models 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,474 Welding Natural Language Queries to Analytics IRs with LLMs 2024 CIDR 4.9769913e-05
11,584 Relational Query Synthesis ⋈ Decision Tree Learning 2024 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,862 LANTERN: Boredom-conscious Natural Language Description Generation of Query Execution Plans for Database Education 2022 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
12,014 Robust Voice Querying with MUVE: Optimally Visualizing Results of Phonetically Similar Queries 2021 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
12,046 DBTagger: Multi-Task Learning for Keyword Mapping in NLIDBs Using Bi-Directional Recurrent Neural Networks 2021 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 5 of 5 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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