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Natural Language to SQL: State of the Art and Open Problems

Summary: A comprehensive tutorial on LLM- and agent-based NL2SQL, spanning training-data collection/synthesis, translation, debugging, and scenario-aware evaluation. It distills practitioner guidance and articulates open research challenges for reliable database access. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h825e686a7a9cb55a
Venue
VLDB
Year
2025
Pagerank
5.2061511e-05
Overall Rank
9,210 | 38.08%
DOI
10.14778/3750601.3750696

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{luo_vldb25,
        title = {{Natural Language to SQL: State of the Art and Open Problems}},
        author = {Luo, Yuyu and Li, Guoliang and Fan, Ju and Chai, Chengliang and Tang, Nan},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '25},
        volume = {18},
        number = {12},
        pages = {5466--5471},
        doi = {10.14778/3750601.3750696},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3750601.3750696},
        year = {2025}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 6 citing papers.

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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
174 Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluation 2024 VLDB 0.00026790979
533 CodeS: Towards Building Open-source Language Models for Text-to-SQL 2024 SIGMOD 0.00016826571
1,356 CatSQL: Towards Real World Natural Language to SQL Applications 2023 VLDB 0.00010925509
1,777 OmniSQL: Synthesizing High-quality Text-to-SQL Data at Scale 2025 VLDB 9.664552e-05
1,866 ScienceBenchmark: A Complex Real-World Benchmark for Evaluating Natural Language to SQL Systems 2024 VLDB 9.481643e-05
2,011 DBPal: A Fully Pluggable NL2SQL Training Pipeline 2020 SIGMOD 9.1896169e-05
2,117 NL2SQL is a solved problem... Not! 2024 CIDR 9.0149494e-05
2,348 The Dawn of Natural Language to SQL: Are We Fully Ready? 2024 VLDB 8.6009821e-05
2,467 Few-shot Text-to-SQL Translation using Structure and Content Prompt Learning 2023 SIGMOD 8.4211526e-05
3,282 A Deep Dive into Deep Learning Approaches for Text-to-SQL Systems 2021 SIGMOD 7.4563046e-05
3,353 MT-Teql: Evaluating and Augmenting Neural NLIDB on Real-world Linguistic and Schema Variations 2022 VLDB 7.3901226e-05
4,864 Synthesizing Natural Language to Visualization (NL2VIS) Benchmarks from NL2SQL Benchmarks 2021 SIGMOD 6.3770469e-05
5,116 Is Long Context All You Need? Leveraging LLM's Extended Context for NL2SQL 2025 VLDB 6.2678524e-05
5,120 State of the Art and Open Challenges in Natural Language Interfaces to Data 2020 SIGMOD 6.2651231e-05
5,227 Natural Language Data Management and Interfaces: Recent Development and Open Challenges 2017 SIGMOD 6.2199469e-05
6,384 Natural Language Interfaces for Databases with Deep Learning 2023 VLDB 5.8061594e-05
9,311 VerifAI: Verified Generative AI 2024 CIDR 5.1965878e-05
10,497 Reward-SQL: Boosting Text-to-SQL via Stepwise Execution-Aware Reasoning and Process-Supervised Rewards 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
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