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LLM-R^2: A Large Language Model Enhanced Rule-based Rewrite System for Boosting Query Efficiency

Summary: LLM-R² augments rule-based SQL rewriting with an LLM that recommends effective rewrite rules, guided by curriculum-trained contrastive query representations and demonstrations. It improves execution efficiency while reducing reliance on inaccurate cost estimators and remains robust across datasets. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h4ab4d7968809c4bd
Venue
VLDB
Year
2025
Pagerank
9.2927535e-05
Overall Rank
1,956 | 86.90%
DOI
10.14778/3696435.3696440
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{li_vldb25,
        title = {{LLM-R\^{}2: A Large Language Model Enhanced Rule-based Rewrite System for Boosting Query Efficiency}},
        author = {Li, Zhaodonghui and Yuan, Haitao and Cong, Gao and Wang, Huiming and Bing, Lidong},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '25},
        volume = {18},
        number = {1},
        pages = {53--65},
        doi = {10.14778/3696435.3696440},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3696435.3696440},
        year = {2025}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 30 of 30 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,158 GenRewrite: Query Rewriting via Large Language Models 2026 SIGMOD 7.5676704e-05
3,286 In-depth Analysis of Graph-based RAG in a Unified Framework 2025 VLDB 7.441688e-05
3,909 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 6.9127576e-05
4,004 Cracking SQL Barriers: An LLM-based Dialect Translation System 2025 SIGMOD 6.846192e-05
4,383 R-Bot: An LLM-based Query Rewrite System 2025 VLDB 6.6140223e-05
6,584 Can Large Language Models Be Query Optimizer for Relational Databases? 2026 SIGMOD 5.72395e-05
9,494 SQLBarber: A System Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Customized and Realistic SQL Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 5.1541298e-05
9,754 Leveraging Query Optimizers to Verify the Soundness of LLM-based Query Rewrites for Real-World Workloads, and More! 2026 CIDR 5.115551e-05
9,837 NeuSO: Neural Optimizer for Subgraph Queries 2026 SIGMOD 5.1064323e-05
9,946 AgentTune: An Agent-Based Large Language Model Framework for Database Knob Tuning 2026 SIGMOD 5.0910746e-05
10,231 Task Cascades for Efficient Unstructured Data Processing 2026 SIGMOD 5.0432098e-05
10,323 This is Going to Sound Crazy, But What If We Used Large Language Models to Boost Automatic Database Tuning Algorithms By Leveraging Prior History? We Will Find Better Configurations More Quickly Than Retraining From Scratch! 2026 SIGMOD 5.0241309e-05
10,328 VIDEX: A Disaggregated and Extensible Virtual Index for the Cloud and AI Era 2025 VLDB 5.0241309e-05
10,382 Automated Database Testing via LLM-Synthesized SQL Features 2027 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,484 AgenticScholar: Agentic Data Management with Pipeline Orchestration for Scholarly Corpora 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,493 Automated Discovery of Test Oracles for Database Management Systems Using LLMs 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,510 DBugScribe: Automatic Database Bug Reproduction from Community Reports 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,514 Dialect-Agnostic SQL Parsing via LLM-Based Segmentation 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,543 HAMMER: An Automatic RAG Tuning System via Hierarchical Memory-Guided Monte Carlo Tree Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,585 Succinct Structure Representations for Efficient Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,653 MCTuner: Spatial Decomposition-Enhanced Database Tuning via LLM-Guided Exploration 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,658 PLForge: Enhancing Language Models for Natural Language to Procedural Extensions of SQL 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,764 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,862 BookRAG: A Hierarchical Structure-aware Index-based Approach for Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Complex Documents 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,903 ReSequel: Robust LLM-assisted Query Rewriting and Optimization using Templatization and Sampling 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,988 Evaluating the Practical Effectiveness of LLM-Driven Index Tuning on Microsoft SQL Server 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,041 Verified LLM-Based Query Rewriting for Microsoft SQL Server 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,099 Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation: Applications, Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,365 LLMLog: Advanced Log Template Generation via LLM-driven Multi-Round Annotation 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,434 GRewriter: Practical Query Rewriting with Automatic Rule Set Expansion in GaussDB 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061463175
109 Extensible/Rule Based Query Rewrite Optimization in Starburst 1992 SIGMOD 0.00032702871
118 The EXODUS Optimizer Generator 1987 SIGMOD 0.00031320165
382 Apache Calcite: A Foundational Framework for Optimized Query Processing Over Heterogeneous Data Sources 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001946654
1,509 Cloud-Native Database Systems at Alibaba: Opportunities and Challenges 2019 VLDB 0.00010415166
1,513 DSB: A Decision Support Benchmark for Workload-Driven and Traditional Database Systems 2021 VLDB 0.00010394557
1,888 WeTune: Automatic Discovery and Verification of Query Rewrite Rules 2022 SIGMOD 9.4148912e-05
2,169 QueryFormer: A Tree Transformer Model for Query Plan Representation 2022 VLDB 8.9151935e-05
2,389 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5228689e-05
4,079 QueryBooster: Improving SQL Performance Using Middleware Services for Human-Centered Query Rewriting 2023 VLDB 6.8026178e-05
5,484 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 6.0980944e-05
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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 10,323 This is Going to Sound Crazy, But What If We Used Large Language Models to Boost Automatic Database Tuning Algorithms By Leveraging Prior History? We Will Find Better Configurations More Quickly Than Retraining From Scratch! 2026 SIGMOD
2 8,639 A Learned Query Rewrite System 2023 VLDB
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4 3,717 Logical and Physical Optimizations for SQL Query Execution over Large Language Models 2025 SIGMOD
5 6,584 Can Large Language Models Be Query Optimizer for Relational Databases? 2026 SIGMOD
6 11,041 Verified LLM-Based Query Rewriting for Microsoft SQL Server 2026 VLDB
7 10,903 ReSequel: Robust LLM-assisted Query Rewriting and Optimization using Templatization and Sampling 2026 VLDB
8 9,754 Leveraging Query Optimizers to Verify the Soundness of LLM-based Query Rewrites for Real-World Workloads, and More! 2026 CIDR
9 3,158 GenRewrite: Query Rewriting via Large Language Models 2026 SIGMOD
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