From FASTER to F2: Evolving Concurrent Key-Value Store Designs for Large Skewed Workloads

Summary: F2 evolves FASTER into a two-tier record-oriented KV store for large skewed, >RAM workloads, separating read-hot/write-hot data with a read-cache and a two-level hash index to cut indexing overhead for cold records. Adds latch-free concurrent log compaction and other concurrency mechanisms, achieving 2–11.9× throughput vs. prior KV stores. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: he8d1240d74169e90
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2025
Pagerank: 5.0571508e-05
Overall Rank: 10,228 | 31.24%
DOI: 10.14778/3750601.3750615

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Konstantinos Kanellis (University of Wisconsin)
2. Badrish Chandramouli (Microsoft)
3. Ted Hart (Microsoft)
4. Shivaram Venkataraman (University of Wisconsin)

BibTeX Citation

@article{kanellis_vldb25,
        title = {{From FASTER to F2: Evolving Concurrent Key-Value Store Designs for Large Skewed Workloads}},
        author = {Kanellis, Konstantinos and Chandramouli, Badrish and Hart, Ted and Venkataraman, Shivaram},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '25},
        volume = {18},
        number = {12},
        pages = {4910--4923},
        doi = {10.14778/3750601.3750615},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3750601.3750615},
        year = {2025}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 1 of 1 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
10,857	Interoperable ACID Transactions for Open Table Formats	2026	VLDB	4.9793485e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
400	Monkey: Optimal Navigable Key-Value Store	2017	SIGMOD	0.00019129175
546	Faster: A Concurrent Key-Value Store with In-Place Updates	2018	SIGMOD	0.00016590738
728	Anti-Caching: A New Approach to Database Management System Architecture	2013	VLDB	0.00014414001
754	Dostoevsky: Better Space-Time Trade-Offs for LSM-Tree Based Key-Value Stores via Adaptive Removal of Superfluous Merging	2018	SIGMOD	0.00014236015
1,665	SkimpyStash: RAM Space Skimpy Key-Value Store on Flash-based Storage	2011	SIGMOD	9.9384098e-05
1,980	Chucky: A Succinct Cuckoo Filter for LSM-Tree	2021	SIGMOD	9.2595896e-05
2,071	A General-Purpose Counting Filter: Making Every Bit Count	2017	SIGMOD	9.0866982e-05
2,532	Microsoft CEP Server and Online Behavioral Targeting	2009	VLDB	8.3350246e-05
2,664	Rosetta: A Robust Space-Time Optimized Range Filter for Key-Value Stores	2020	SIGMOD	8.1569551e-05
2,868	Spooky: Granulating LSM-Tree Compactions Correctly	2022	VLDB	7.9241972e-05
2,920	What Modern NVMe Storage Can Do, And How To Exploit It: High-Performance I/O for High-Performance Storage Engines	2023	VLDB	7.8540089e-05
3,232	TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage	2023	VLDB	7.50343e-05
3,680	SplinterDB and Maplets: Improving the Tradeoffs in Key-Value Store Compaction Policy	2023	SIGMOD	7.1029718e-05
5,248	Endure: A Robust Tuning Paradigm for LSM Trees Under Workload Uncertainty	2022	VLDB	6.211056e-05
5,879	Compactionary: A Dictionary for LSM Compactions	2022	SIGMOD	5.9615203e-05
6,951	Netherite: Efficient Execution of Serverless Workflows	2022	VLDB	5.6363458e-05
6,989	FASTER: An Embedded Concurrent Key-Value Store for State Management	2018	VLDB	5.6274028e-05
8,129	Two is Better Than One: The Case for 2-Tree for Skewed Data Sets	2023	CIDR	5.3938156e-05
9,786	Memory-Efficient Search Trees for Database Management Systems	2021	SIGMOD	5.1280882e-05

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