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PG-Keys: Keys for Property Graphs

Summary: PG-Keys proposes a flexible key-constraint framework for property graphs (nodes, edges, properties) with modes exclusive, mandatory, and singleton to enforce data integrity and enable cross-entity referencing. Built by LDBC's Property Graph Schema WG to steer ISO GQL standardization toward constraint-aware, expressive graph schemas. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hebb911425323a8a2
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2021
Pagerank
7.9301857e-05
Overall Rank
2,843 | 80.95%
DOI
10.1145/3448016.3457561

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{angles_sigmod21,
        title = {{PG-Keys: Keys for Property Graphs}},
        author = {Angles, Renzo and Bonifati, Angela and Dumbrava, Stefania and Fletcher, George and Hare, Keith W. and Hidders, Jan and Lee, Victor E. and Li, Bei and Libkin, Leonid and Martens, Wim and Murlak, Filip and Perryman, Josh and Savković, Ognjen and Schmidt, Michael and Sequeda, Juan and Staworko, Sławek and Tomaszuk, Dominik},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '21},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3448016.3457561},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448016.3457561},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 25 of 25 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,428 Graph Pattern Matching in GQL and SQL/PGQ 2022 SIGMOD 0.000106884
1,484 PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs 2023 SIGMOD 0.00010498883
5,238 AeonG: An Efficient Built-in Temporal Support in Graph Databases 2024 VLDB 6.2021926e-05
5,259 Implementation Strategies for Views over Property Graphs 2024 SIGMOD 6.194191e-05
5,265 DuckPGQ: Bringing SQL/PGQ to DuckDB 2023 VLDB 6.1922502e-05
5,574 Representing Paths in Graph Database Pattern Matching 2023 VLDB 6.0628579e-05
5,816 Normalizing Property Graphs 2023 VLDB 5.9678994e-05
7,372 Containment of Graph Queries Modulo Schema 2024 PODS 5.5249024e-05
9,210 Towards Theory for Real-World Data 2022 PODS 5.1930561e-05
9,399 Transforming RDF Graphs to Property Graphs using Standardized Schemas 2024 SIGMOD 5.1672232e-05
9,525 PG-Triggers: Triggers for Property Graphs 2024 SIGMOD 5.151324e-05
9,845 Property Graph Standards: State of the Art & Open Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.1064323e-05
10,024 Schema-Based Query Optimisation for Graph Databases 2025 SIGMOD 5.082116e-05
10,778 Repairing Property Graphs under PG-Constraints 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,791 Structural Normalization of Property Graphs 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,009 BiLink: Bidirectional Meta-paths for Link Discovery in Billion-Scale Heterogeneous Graphs 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,099 Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation: Applications, Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,176 Entity/Relationship Graphs: Principled Design, Modeling, and Data Integrity Management of Graph Databases 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,274 LICS: Towards Theory-Informed Effective Visual Abstraction of Property Graph Schemas 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,405 What If: Causal Analysis with Graph Databases 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,439 GalaxyWeaver: Autonomous Table-to-Graph Conversion and Schema Optimization with Large Language Models 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,481 When Entity/Relationship Models Meet Graph Databases 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,487 Versatile Property Graph Transformations 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,659 KGFabric: A Scalable Knowledge Graph Warehouse for Enterprise Data Interconnection 2024 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,662 Complex-Path: Effective and Efficient Node Ranking with Paths in Billion-Scale Heterogeneous Graphs 2024 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
62 Maintaining Views Incrementally 1993 SIGMOD 0.00038944207
387 The LDBC Social Network Benchmark: Interactive Workload 2015 SIGMOD 0.00019360364
388 Incremental Maintenance of Views with Duplicates 1995 SIGMOD 0.0001928135
420 Cypher: An Evolving Query Language for Property Graphs 2018 SIGMOD 0.00018489392
536 An Analytical Study of Large SPARQL Query Logs 2018 VLDB 0.00016738841
854 G-CORE: A Core for Future Graph Query Languages 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013432811
2,269 Dependencies for Graphs 2017 PODS 8.711418e-05
2,272 Regular Path Query Evaluation on Streaming Graphs 2020 SIGMOD 8.7108429e-05
3,329 Keys for Graphs 2015 VLDB 7.4086832e-05
3,557 Aggregation Support for Modern Graph Analytics in TigerGraph 2020 SIGMOD 7.1866532e-05
8,082 Updating Graph Databases with Cypher 2019 VLDB 5.3759428e-05
8,121 BonXai: Combining the simplicity of DTD with the expressiveness of XML Schema 2015 PODS 5.3739121e-05
9,033 Coping with Incomplete Data: Recent Advances 2020 PODS 5.2196086e-05
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