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PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs

Summary: PG-Schema offers a formalism for property graph schemas with PG-Types (multi-inheritance) and PG-Keys-based constraints. Formal syntax/semantics aimed at shaping GQL's rich DDL and boosting graph DBs' schema capabilities. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h1cfaa3f439db557d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2023
Pagerank
0.00010538703
Overall Rank
1,482 | 90.04%
DOI
10.1145/3589778

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{angles_sigmod23,
        title = {{PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs}},
        author = {Angles, Renzo and Bonifati, Angela and Dumbrava, Stefania and Fletcher, George and Green, Alastair and Hidders, Jan and Li, Bei and Libkin, Leonid and Marsault, Victor and Martens, Wim and Murlak, Filip and Plantikow, Stefan and Savković, Ognjen and Schmidt, Michael and Sequeda, Juan and Staworko, Sławek and Tomaszuk, Dominik and Voigt, Hannes and Vrgoč, Domagoj and Wu, Mingxi and Živković, Dušan},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '23},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3589778},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3589778},
        year = {2023}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 31 of 31 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,989 Beyond Relations: A Case for Elevating to the Entity-Relationship Abstraction 2025 CIDR 6.8703153e-05
5,210 AeonG: An Efficient Built-in Temporal Support in Graph Databases 2024 VLDB 6.2257162e-05
5,233 Implementation Strategies for Views over Property Graphs 2024 SIGMOD 6.2176841e-05
5,798 Normalizing Property Graphs 2023 VLDB 5.9905343e-05
7,347 Containment of Graph Queries Modulo Schema 2024 PODS 5.5458571e-05
7,721 TigerVector: Supporting Vector Search in Graph Databases for Advanced RAGs 2025 SIGMOD 5.4677994e-05
9,364 Transforming RDF Graphs to Property Graphs using Standardized Schemas 2024 SIGMOD 5.1868213e-05
9,485 PG-Triggers: Triggers for Property Graphs 2024 SIGMOD 5.1708619e-05
9,770 GraphScope Flex: LEGO-like Graph Computing Stack 2024 SIGMOD 5.133285e-05
9,794 Raqlet: Cross-Paradigm Compilation for Recursive Queries 2026 CIDR 5.1257999e-05
9,804 Property Graph Standards: State of the Art & Open Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.1257999e-05
9,951 Synthesizing Third Normal Form Schemata that Minimize Integrity Maintenance and Update Overheads: Parameterizing 3NF by the Numbers of Minimal Keys and Functional Dependencies 2025 SIGMOD 5.1038322e-05
9,980 Schema-Based Query Optimisation for Graph Databases 2025 SIGMOD 5.1013913e-05
10,127 A Modular Graph-Native Query Optimization Framework 2025 SIGMOD 5.0751052e-05
10,271 G-View: View Management for Graph Databases 2025 VLDB 5.0485061e-05
10,707 Repairing Property Graphs under PG-Constraints 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,710 TurboLynx: Schemaless Graph Engine Strikes Back for General-Purpose Analytics 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,720 Structural Normalization of Property Graphs 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,026 From Human-Graph to Agent-Graph Interaction: State of the Art and Future Directions 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,029 Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation: Applications, Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,106 Entity/Relationship Graphs: Principled Design, Modeling, and Data Integrity Management of Graph Databases 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,121 User-Centric Property Graph Repairs 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,158 PASCAL: A Theory-Informed Visual Interface for Property Graph Schema Visualization 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,208 LICS: Towards Theory-Informed Effective Visual Abstraction of Property Graph Schemas 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,336 Shifting Transaction Isolation on Graphs: From Systems to Data 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,345 What If: Causal Analysis with Graph Databases 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,380 GalaxyWeaver: Autonomous Table-to-Graph Conversion and Schema Optimization with Large Language Models 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,394 GraphAr: An Efficient Storage Scheme for Graph Data in Data Lakes 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,422 When Entity/Relationship Models Meet Graph Databases 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,428 Versatile Property Graph Transformations 2025 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,606 KGFabric: A Scalable Knowledge Graph Warehouse for Enterprise Data Interconnection 2024 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 7 of 7 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
239 The Ubiquity of Large Graphs and Surprising Challenges of Graph Processing 2018 VLDB 0.000235107
419 Cypher: An Evolving Query Language for Property Graphs 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001854669
860 G-CORE: A Core for Future Graph Query Languages 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013406849
1,494 Graph Pattern Matching in GQL and SQL/PGQ 2022 SIGMOD 0.00010502195
2,831 PG-Keys: Keys for Property Graphs 2021 SIGMOD 7.9602632e-05
7,163 DiscoPG: Property Graph Schema Discovery and Exploration 2022 VLDB 5.5955428e-05
10,153 Threshold Queries in Theory and in the Wild 2022 VLDB 5.0715586e-05
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