CodexDB: Synthesizing Code for Query Processing from Natural Language Instructions using GPT-3 Codex

Summary: CodexDB leverages GPT-3 Codex to synthesize query-processing code from natural-language instructions. Decomposing complex SQL into stepwise, NL-described processing stages augmented by user guidance and database properties; prototype attains 81% WikiSQL and 62% SPIDER. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 12963
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2022
Pagerank: 8.4729505e-05
Overall Rank: 2,521 | 82.71%
DOI: 10.14778/3551793.3551841

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Immanuel Trummer (Cornell University)

BibTeX Citation

@article{trummer_vldb22,
        title = {{CodexDB: Synthesizing Code for Query Processing from Natural Language Instructions using GPT-3 Codex}},
        author = {Trummer, Immanuel},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {11},
        pages = {2921--2928},
        doi = {10.14778/3551793.3551841},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551841},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 12 of 12 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
279	Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluation	2024	VLDB	0.00022468369
713	Language Models Enable Simple Systems for Generating Structured Views of Heterogeneous Data Lakes	2024	VLDB	0.00014672521
3,536	How Large Language Models Will Disrupt Data Management	2023	VLDB	7.3297343e-05
4,449	From BERT to GPT-3 Codex: Harnessing the Potential of Very Large Language Models for Data Management	2022	VLDB	6.697553e-05
5,354	Can Large Language Models Predict Data Correlations from Column Names?	2023	VLDB	6.2515841e-05
5,744	SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era	2025	VLDB	6.1019672e-05
6,378	Demonstrating GPT-DB: Generating Query-Specific and Customizable Code for SQL Processing with GPT-4	2023	VLDB	5.8929835e-05
6,997	E2ETune: End-to-End Knob Tuning via Fine-tuned Generative Language Model	2025	VLDB	5.7300324e-05
9,024	Demonstrating SQLBarber: Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Customized and Realistic SQL Workloads	2025	SIGMOD	5.3299884e-05
10,109	QueryArtisan: Generating Data Manipulation Codes for Ad-hoc Analysis in Data Lakes	2025	VLDB	5.1347137e-05
10,384	MCTuner: Spatial Decomposition-Enhanced Database Tuning via LLM-Guided Exploration	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05
10,501	SQLBarber: A System Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Customized and Realistic SQL Workloads	2026	SIGMOD	5.093636e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 9 of 9 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
1	Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System	1979	SIGMOD	0.0024089429
18	How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really?	2016	VLDB	0.00059284255
43	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.00046060254
84	Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning	2019	CIDR	0.00035838391
154	Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer	2019	VLDB	0.00028726181
459	ATHENA: An Ontology-Driven System for Natural Language Querying over Relational Data Stores	2016	VLDB	0.00018101318
555	NaLIR: An Interactive Natural Language Interface for Querying Relational Databases	2014	SIGMOD	0.00016568053
2,019	RPT: Relational Pre-trained Transformer Is Almost All You Need towards Democratizing Data Preparation	2021	VLDB	9.2983994e-05
3,589	Ember: No-Code Context Enrichment via Similarity-Based Keyless Joins	2022	VLDB	7.2812353e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

#	Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue
1	10,510	NL2SQLBench: A Modular Benchmarking Framework for LLM-Enabled NL2SQL Solutions	2026	VLDB
2	2,039	ScienceBenchmark: A Complex Real-World Benchmark for Evaluating Natural Language to SQL Systems	2024	VLDB
3	2,395	OmniSQL: Synthesizing High-quality Text-to-SQL Data at Scale	2025	VLDB
4	10,556	OpenSQL: Data-Efficient Text-to-SQL for Open-Source LLMs via Synthesized Intermediate Supervision	2026	VLDB
5	6,211	GenEdit: Compounding Operators and Continuous Improvement to Tackle Text-to-SQL in the Enterprise	2025	CIDR
6	4,449	From BERT to GPT-3 Codex: Harnessing the Potential of Very Large Language Models for Data Management	2022	VLDB
7	10,398	Reliable Answers for Recurring Questions: Boosting Text-to-SQL Accuracy with Template Constrained Decoding	2026	SIGMOD
8	10,200	Automating Database-Native Function Code Synthesis with LLMs	2026	SIGMOD
9	6,378	Demonstrating GPT-DB: Generating Query-Specific and Customizable Code for SQL Processing with GPT-4	2023	VLDB
10	756	CodeS: Towards Building Open-source Language Models for Text-to-SQL	2024	SIGMOD