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The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles

Summary: R*-tree: joint optimization of area, margin, and overlap in inner nodes for rectangles and multidimensional points. Extensive experiments on a standardized testbed show it outperforms Guttman’s linear/quadratic R-trees and Greene’s variant across point/rectangle queries and map overlay, with efficient data support and only modest implementation cost. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
2558
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1990
Pagerank
0.001157935
Overall Rank
4 | 99.98%
DOI
10.1145/93597.98741

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{beckmann_sigmod90,
        title = {{The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles}},
        author = {Beckmann, Norbert and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Schneider, Ralf and Seeger, Bernhard},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '90},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/93597.98741},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/93597.98741},
        year = {1990}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 279 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,989 Spatial Keyword Query Processing: An Experimental Evaluation 2013 VLDB 7.8896275e-05
3,020 Dynamic Density Based Clustering 2017 SIGMOD 7.8445412e-05
3,037 The Lernaean Hydra of Data Series Similarity Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State of the Art 2019 VLDB 7.8275859e-05
3,043 The DEDALE System for Complex Spatial Queries 1998 SIGMOD 7.8228924e-05
3,057 High-Concurrency Locking in R-Trees 1995 VLDB 7.807389e-05
3,118 Efficient Method for Maximizing Bichromatic Reverse Nearest Neighbor 2009 VLDB 7.7373846e-05
3,125 General Match: A Subsequence Matching Method in Time-Series Databases Based on Generalized Windows 2002 SIGMOD 7.7344198e-05
3,217 Quadtree and R-tree Indexes in Oracle Spatial: A Comparison using GIS Data 2002 SIGMOD 7.6314544e-05
3,240 Graph-Based Vector Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art 2025 SIGMOD 7.6071649e-05
3,252 Fast Time-Series Searching with Scaling and Shifting 1999 PODS 7.5951443e-05
3,264 WALRUS: A Similarity Retrieval Algorithm for Image Databases 1999 SIGMOD 7.5841142e-05
3,267 FTW: Fast Similarity Search under the Time Warping Distance 2005 PODS 7.5816553e-05
3,290 Topological Relations in the World of Minimum Bounding Rectangles: A Study with R-trees 1995 SIGMOD 7.5531472e-05
3,394 Prediction and Indexing of Moving Objects with Unknown Motion Patterns 2004 SIGMOD 7.4500025e-05
3,562 Location-based Spatial Queries 2003 SIGMOD 7.3080612e-05
3,581 Time-Parameterized Queries in Spatio-Temporal Databases 2002 SIGMOD 7.2873782e-05
3,593 The Priority R-Tree: A Practically Efficient and Worst-Case Optimal R-Tree 2004 SIGMOD 7.2750277e-05
3,710 Efficient Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor Search in Arbitrary Metric Spaces 2006 SIGMOD 7.1780127e-05
3,742 RE-Tree: An Efficient Index Structure for Regular Expressions 2002 VLDB 7.1577657e-05
3,835 FALCON: Feedback Adaptive Loop for Content-Based Retrieval 2000 VLDB 7.0835179e-05
3,866 Fast Parallel Similarity Search in Multimedia Databases 1997 SIGMOD 7.061829e-05
3,984 Learning User Preferences By Adaptive Pairwise Comparison 2015 VLDB 6.9739437e-05
4,070 Analysis of n-dimensional Quadtrees Using the Hausdorff Fractal Dimension 1996 VLDB 6.9272604e-05
4,148 Spatial Partitioning Techniques in SpatialHadoop 2015 VLDB 6.872045e-05
4,151 YADING: Fast Clustering of Large-Scale Time Series Data 2015 VLDB 6.8703273e-05
4,179 Retrieving Top-k Prestige-Based Relevant Spatial Web Objects 2010 VLDB 6.8487923e-05
4,268 Joining Interval Data in Relational Databases 2004 SIGMOD 6.7925685e-05
4,482 Overlap Interval Partition Join 2014 SIGMOD 6.6753072e-05
4,569 Supporting Frequent Updates in R-Trees: A Bottom-Up Approach 2003 VLDB 6.6255507e-05
4,751 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.5241784e-05
4,815 Integration of Spatial Join Algorithms for Processing Multiple Inputs 1999 SIGMOD 6.4949956e-05
4,844 TOUCH: In-Memory Spatial Join by Hierarchical Data-Oriented Partitioning 2013 SIGMOD 6.4826356e-05
4,867 Indexing Large Human-Motion Databases 2004 VLDB 6.4720439e-05
4,937 The V*-Diagram: A Query-Dependent Approach to Moving KNN Queries 2008 VLDB 6.4350791e-05
5,162 Online Event-driven Subsequence Matching over Financial Data Streams 2004 SIGMOD 6.339805e-05
5,202 Filter Trees for Managing Spatial Data Over a Range of Size Granularities 1996 VLDB 6.3194496e-05
5,231 Hercules Against Data Series Similarity Search 2022 VLDB 6.3068064e-05
5,304 An Evaluation of Generic Bulk Loading Techniques 2001 VLDB 6.2733516e-05
5,501 Efficient Computation of Temporal Aggregates with Range Predicates 2001 PODS 6.1968336e-05
5,592 Ranked Subsequence Matching in Time-Series Databases 2007 VLDB 6.1552372e-05
5,648 Consistent Query Answers in Inconsistent Probabilistic Databases 2010 SIGMOD 6.1351417e-05
5,740 A Benchmark for Evaluating Moving Object Indexes 2008 VLDB 6.1035012e-05
5,795 Benchmarking Spatial Join Operations with Spatial Output 1995 VLDB 6.0859946e-05
5,800 DET-LSH: A Locality-Sensitive Hashing Scheme with Dynamic Encoding Tree for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 6.0850924e-05
5,838 Improving Adaptable Similarity Query Processing by Using Approximations 1998 VLDB 6.0702428e-05
5,857 Spatial Indexing in Microsoft SQL Server 2008 2008 SIGMOD 6.0644613e-05
5,888 Clustering Techniques for Minimizing External Path Length 1996 VLDB 6.0498293e-05
5,895 The 3W Model and Algebra for Unified Data Mining 2000 VLDB 6.0486927e-05
5,912 Separability of Polyhedra for Optimal Filtering of Spatial and Constraint Data 1995 PODS 6.0442093e-05
5,963 Hierarchical Subspace Sampling: A Unified Framework for High Dimensional Data Reduction, Selectivity Estimation and Nearest Neighbor Search 2002 SIGMOD 6.0267197e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0020210012
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.0003221055
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