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The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data

Summary: RLR-Tree uses reinforcement learning to guide subtree selection and node splitting in an R-Tree, without changing its structure. The learned rules beat classical heuristics on 100M objects, reducing query times while preserving R-Tree compatibility. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6628
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2023
Pagerank
6.5241784e-05
Overall Rank
4,751 | 67.41%
DOI
10.1145/3588917

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{gu_sigmod23,
        title = {{The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data}},
        author = {Gu, Tu and Feng, Kaiyu and Cong, Gao and Long, Cheng and Wang, Zheng and Wang, Sheng},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '23},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3588917},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3588917},
        year = {2023}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,459 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.8727182e-05
6,670 Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems 2022 VLDB 5.8074043e-05
7,757 CAMAL: Optimizing LSM-trees via Active Learning 2024 SIGMOD 5.5508469e-05
7,846 The Holon Approach for Simultaneously Tuning Multiple Components in a Self-Driving Database Management System with Machine Learning via Synthesized Proto-Actions 2024 VLDB 5.5331459e-05
8,003 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.5084586e-05
8,048 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.5003171e-05
9,544 SwiftSpatial: Spatial Joins on Modern Hardware 2025 SIGMOD 5.2528121e-05
9,626 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.2434488e-05
9,739 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 5.227679e-05
9,871 Finding Logic Bugs in Spatial Database Engines via Affine Equivalent Inputs 2024 SIGMOD 5.2043672e-05
9,974 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
10,378 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,469 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,506 This is Going to Sound Crazy, But What If We Used Large Language Models to Boost Automatic Database Tuning Algorithms By Leveraging Prior History? We Will Find Better Configurations More Quickly Than Retraining From Scratch! 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,569 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,610 A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,670 MAST: Towards Efficient Analytical Query Processing on Point Cloud Data 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,876 BLAEQ: A Multigrid Index for Spatial Query on Geometry Data 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,193 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 23 of 23 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0020210012
4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.001157935
28 Nearest Neighbor Queries 1995 SIGMOD 0.00052102434
42 The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Multi-Dimensional Index for Objects 1987 VLDB 0.00046170812
43 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046060254
96 Spatial Query Processing in an Object-Oriented Database System 1986 SIGMOD 0.00034590762
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.0003221055
334 An End-to-End Automatic Cloud Database Tuning System Using Deep Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 0.00020875082
447 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018322593
477 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017851226
873 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013481915
1,135 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012032847
1,174 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011817414
1,202 Fractals for Secondary Key Retrieval 1989 PODS 0.00011672157
1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010835539
1,551 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010381398
1,712 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.9492299e-05
1,840 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.6404567e-05
2,742 Multiattribute Hashing Using Gray Codes. 1986 SIGMOD 8.1827223e-05
2,974 A Revised R*-tree in Comparison with Related Index Structures 2009 SIGMOD 7.9083221e-05
5,997 Efficient and Effective Similar Subtrajectory Search with Deep Reinforcement Learning 2020 VLDB 6.0146869e-05
7,151 Theoretically Optimal and Empirically Efficient R-trees with Strong Parallelizability 2018 VLDB 5.6873519e-05
8,614 The Case for Distance-Bounded Spatial Approximations 2021 CIDR 5.4012875e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 1,418 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD
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3 2,974 A Revised R*-tree in Comparison with Related Index Structures 2009 SIGMOD
4 9,887 Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent 2023 VLDB
5 12,605 Towards Efficient Main-Memory Use For Optimum Tree Index Update 2008 VLDB
6 1,373 A Model for the Prediction of R-tree Performance 1996 PODS
7 4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD
8 1,840 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB
9 2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD
10 11,193 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD