The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5555
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2018
Pagerank: 0.00049545203
Overall Rank: 102 | 99.30%
DOI: 10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 206 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
204	Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning	2019	CIDR	0.00034784455
333	Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer	2019	VLDB	0.00027206884
608	DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries!	2020	VLDB	0.00019235898
640	Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical	2021	SIGMOD	0.00018759152
801	SageDB: A Learned Database System	2019	CIDR	0.00016505496
826	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016224841
857	The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds	2020	VLDB	0.00015882892
884	Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction	2019	VLDB	0.00015654004
910	NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables	2021	VLDB	0.00015423056
1,350	Northstar: An Interactive Data Science System	2018	VLDB	0.00012431059
1,375	FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure	2019	SIGMOD	0.00012303141
1,460	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011887068
1,478	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011762542
1,611	Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011147324
1,643	CodexDB: Synthesizing Code for Query Processing from Natural Language Instructions using GPT-3 Codex	2022	VLDB	0.0001104256
1,703	Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation?	2021	VLDB	0.00010836769
1,737	QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models	2020	SIGMOD	0.00010720294
1,855	AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations	2019	SIGMOD	0.00010315245
1,889	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010200865
2,057	From Natural Language Processing to Neural Databases	2021	VLDB	9.6624862e-05
2,083	Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds	2019	VLDB	9.5834572e-05
2,115	LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data	2020	SIGMOD	9.5257379e-05
2,364	Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries	2020	SIGMOD	8.9554751e-05
2,552	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5530411e-05
2,606	Design Continuums and the Path Toward Self-Designing Key-Value Stores that Know and Learn	2019	CIDR	8.4645832e-05
2,678	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.3252088e-05
2,732	Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search?	2019	SIGMOD	8.2087602e-05
2,762	FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	8.1585394e-05
2,798	Chucky: A Succinct Cuckoo Filter for LSM-Tree	2021	SIGMOD	8.1080111e-05
2,865	Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations	2019	SIGMOD	7.9862595e-05
3,131	FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems	2022	VLDB	7.4985793e-05
3,269	iBTune: Individualized Buffer Tuning for Large-scale Cloud Databases	2019	VLDB	7.2998062e-05
3,416	LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations	2024	SIGMOD	7.1196234e-05
3,473	AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI	2021	SIGMOD	7.062864e-05
3,488	Optimal Column Layout for Hybrid Workloads	2019	VLDB	7.0479329e-05
3,499	Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	7.0376445e-05
3,611	SNARF: A Learning-Enhanced Range Filter	2022	VLDB	6.9191399e-05
3,625	Cost Models for Big Data Query Processing: Learning, Retrofitting, and Our Findings	2020	SIGMOD	6.9055212e-05
3,658	Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning	2019	CIDR	6.8704209e-05
3,725	Estimating Cardinalities with Deep Sketches	2019	SIGMOD	6.8170734e-05
3,727	Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection	2022	VLDB	6.8141709e-05
3,779	Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	6.7747205e-05
3,885	Density-optimized Intersection-free Mapping and Matrix Multiplication for Join-Project Operations	2022	VLDB	6.6674822e-05
4,084	APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	6.4622113e-05
4,097	The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm	2020	SIGMOD	6.4551616e-05
4,128	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4292373e-05
4,227	Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine	2022	VLDB	6.3434324e-05
4,278	Similarity Query Processing for High-Dimensional Data	2020	VLDB	6.2953764e-05
4,359	Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning	2021	VLDB	6.2569955e-05
4,399	HUNTER: An Online Cloud Database Hybrid Tuning System for Personalized Requirements	2022	SIGMOD	6.2225151e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
32	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00077486306
44	The Design Of Postgres	1986	SIGMOD	0.00071838587
103	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00049150032
233	A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems	1986	VLDB	0.00032021526
368	Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing	1998	VLDB	0.000254931
381	FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs	2010	SIGMOD	0.00024873637
720	Building a Database on S3	2008	SIGMOD	0.00017615431
1,213	RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF	2008	VLDB	0.0001325231
1,312	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.00012652548
1,471	Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia	2013	VLDB	0.00011830111
1,696	A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing	2016	VLDB	0.00010881034
1,711	SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications	2009	CIDR	0.0001080509
1,819	The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale	2017	VLDB	0.00010429773
1,873	An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows	2015	VLDB	0.00010253002
1,913	BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing	2014	VLDB	0.00010113937
3,777	A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms	2016	SIGMOD	6.7750901e-05
3,912	Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems	2017	VLDB	6.6354964e-05
4,897	The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space	2012	PODS	5.8469152e-05

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8,811	Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond	2022	SIGMOD	4.4441574e-05
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2,678	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.3252088e-05
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