The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5556
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2018
Pagerank: 0.00049778866
Overall Rank: 101 | 99.30%
DOI: 10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 206 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
203	Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning	2019	CIDR	0.00034868567
329	Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer	2019	VLDB	0.00027301488
606	DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries!	2020	VLDB	0.00019251186
634	Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical	2021	SIGMOD	0.00018844568
796	SageDB: A Learned Database System	2019	CIDR	0.00016541749
819	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016237497
844	The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds	2020	VLDB	0.00015964123
876	Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction	2019	VLDB	0.00015660534
905	NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables	2021	VLDB	0.00015423174
1,354	Northstar: An Interactive Data Science System	2018	VLDB	0.00012424105
1,365	FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure	2019	SIGMOD	0.00012379754
1,438	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011965956
1,464	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.0001184772
1,608	Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011169837
1,631	CodexDB: Synthesizing Code for Query Processing from Natural Language Instructions using GPT-3 Codex	2022	VLDB	0.00011071662
1,699	Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation?	2021	VLDB	0.00010848882
1,727	QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models	2020	SIGMOD	0.00010731889
1,856	AI Meets AI: Leveraging Query Executions to Improve Index Recommendations	2019	SIGMOD	0.00010319105
1,887	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010201938
2,025	From Natural Language Processing to Neural Databases	2021	VLDB	9.7477788e-05
2,080	Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds	2019	VLDB	9.5954034e-05
2,108	LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data	2020	SIGMOD	9.5283642e-05
2,364	Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries	2020	SIGMOD	8.955077e-05
2,550	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5569576e-05
2,606	Design Continuums and the Path Toward Self-Designing Key-Value Stores that Know and Learn	2019	CIDR	8.4621503e-05
2,676	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.326321e-05
2,734	Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search?	2019	SIGMOD	8.2082721e-05
2,769	FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	8.1512848e-05
2,797	Chucky: A Succinct Cuckoo Filter for LSM-Tree	2021	SIGMOD	8.1116755e-05
2,868	Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations	2019	SIGMOD	7.9856878e-05
3,136	FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems	2022	VLDB	7.4926368e-05
3,419	LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations	2024	SIGMOD	7.1127752e-05
3,466	AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI	2021	SIGMOD	7.0645718e-05
3,482	Optimal Column Layout for Hybrid Workloads	2019	VLDB	7.0514808e-05
3,492	Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	7.0435484e-05
3,614	SNARF: A Learning-Enhanced Range Filter	2022	VLDB	6.9124805e-05
3,623	Cost Models for Big Data Query Processing: Learning, Retrofitting, and Our Findings	2020	SIGMOD	6.9017341e-05
3,658	Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning	2019	CIDR	6.8700949e-05
3,692	iBTune: Individualized Buffer Tuning for Large-scale Cloud Databases	2019	VLDB	6.8328808e-05
3,725	Estimating Cardinalities with Deep Sketches	2019	SIGMOD	6.8117015e-05
3,729	Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection	2022	VLDB	6.8078013e-05
3,777	Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	6.7713324e-05
3,886	Density-optimized Intersection-free Mapping and Matrix Multiplication for Join-Project Operations	2022	VLDB	6.6610704e-05
3,945	APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	6.605467e-05
4,056	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4905689e-05
4,086	The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm	2020	SIGMOD	6.4579358e-05
4,227	Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine	2022	VLDB	6.3381409e-05
4,273	Similarity Query Processing for High-Dimensional Data	2020	VLDB	6.2932217e-05
4,352	Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning	2021	VLDB	6.2542257e-05
4,377	HUNTER: An Online Cloud Database Hybrid Tuning System for Personalized Requirements	2022	SIGMOD	6.2331947e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
32	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00077553033
44	The Design Of Postgres	1986	SIGMOD	0.00071946446
104	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00049475932
235	A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems	1986	VLDB	0.00031980259
367	Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing	1998	VLDB	0.00025518228
382	FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs	2010	SIGMOD	0.00024888997
715	Building a Database on S3	2008	SIGMOD	0.00017636409
1,212	RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF	2008	VLDB	0.00013255692
1,300	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.00012711153
1,468	Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia	2013	VLDB	0.00011831457
1,692	A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing	2016	VLDB	0.00010887129
1,706	SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications	2009	CIDR	0.00010806188
1,813	The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale	2017	VLDB	0.00010452333
1,875	An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows	2015	VLDB	0.00010243959
1,909	BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing	2014	VLDB	0.00010123661
3,760	A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms	2016	SIGMOD	6.7790524e-05
3,906	Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems	2017	VLDB	6.6413008e-05
4,886	The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space	2012	PODS	5.8508915e-05

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2,676	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.326321e-05
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