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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12133
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00017138049
Overall Rank
752 | 94.78%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 101 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
634 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00018844568
905 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423174
1,608 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011169837
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011050093
1,699 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010848882
2,090 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 9.5668285e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.955077e-05
2,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 8.5569576e-05
2,769 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.1512848e-05
2,781 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 8.1282042e-05
2,988 Neural Subgraph Counting with Wasserstein Estimator 2022 SIGMOD 7.7752463e-05
3,241 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 7.32744e-05
3,269 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 7.3026051e-05
3,345 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 7.1908499e-05
3,455 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 7.0760196e-05
3,466 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.0645718e-05
3,492 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0435484e-05
3,729 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 6.8078013e-05
3,777 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.7713324e-05
3,781 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 6.7691344e-05
3,827 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.7195959e-05
3,924 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 6.6227223e-05
3,955 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 6.5895015e-05
3,992 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 6.5519369e-05
4,151 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 6.4020605e-05
4,352 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 6.2542257e-05
4,413 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.1989918e-05
4,431 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.1870601e-05
4,448 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 6.1741316e-05
4,543 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 6.0953507e-05
4,587 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.0594195e-05
4,592 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 6.056004e-05
4,799 Towards Dynamic and Safe Configuration Tuning for Cloud Databases 2022 SIGMOD 5.9082876e-05
5,250 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 5.6007779e-05
5,373 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 5.5410059e-05
5,405 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5243727e-05
5,412 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5200608e-05
5,477 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 5.4856699e-05
5,528 Warper: Efficiently Adapting Learned Cardinality Estimators to Data and Workload Drifts 2022 SIGMOD 5.4571136e-05
5,579 Spitz: A Verifiable Database System 2020 VLDB 5.4224124e-05
5,787 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 5.3256401e-05
5,944 SAM: Database Generation from Query Workloads with Supervised Autoregressive Models 2022 SIGMOD 5.2583712e-05
5,994 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 5.2367998e-05
6,298 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.1182917e-05
6,365 Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation 2022 VLDB 5.0892829e-05
6,382 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0835686e-05
6,507 Expand your Training Limits! Generating Training Data for ML-based Data Management 2021 SIGMOD 5.0273414e-05
6,687 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 4.957987e-05
6,724 Combining Aggregation and Sampling (Nearly) Optimally for Approximate Query Processing 2021 SIGMOD 4.9449472e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
18 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00092569117
63 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00063595699
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
181 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036970794
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
250 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00030640525
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021385343
838 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016024923
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,233 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.0001312635
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
2,080 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5954034e-05
2,167 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.3879598e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
7,573 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 4.7034681e-05
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