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M-tree: An Efficient Access Method for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces

Summary: Proposes M-tree, a metric-space access method using distance bounds to organize data and support insertions and splits. Provides range and kNN queries; experiments show scalable, high-dimensional performance with reduced I/O and distance computations. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
8443
Venue
VLDB
Year
1997
Pagerank
0.0005181666
Overall Rank
91 | 99.37%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 47 of 97 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,547 Flexible Aggregate Similarity Search 2011 SIGMOD 5.0183532e-05
6,983 A Generic Framework for Efficient and Effective Subsequence Retrieval 2012 VLDB 4.8732757e-05
7,135 Anytime Measures for Top-k Algorithms 2007 VLDB 4.8221884e-05
7,239 Efficient Data-aware Distance Comparison Operations for High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 4.792836e-05
7,654 LiteHST: A Tree Embedding based Method for Similarity Search 2023 SIGMOD 4.687476e-05
7,765 Cache-oblivious High-performance Similarity Join 2019 SIGMOD 4.6572085e-05
7,777 Indexing Mixed Types for Approximate Retrieval 2005 VLDB 4.653704e-05
7,837 GTI: Graph-based Tree Index with Logarithm Updates for Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2025 VLDB 4.6379694e-05
7,847 Set Similarity Join on Probabilistic Data 2010 VLDB 4.6365272e-05
7,922 Video-zilla: An Indexing Layer for Large-Scale Video Analytics 2022 SIGMOD 4.615892e-05
8,084 ScalaGiST: Scalable Generalized Search Trees for MapReduce Systems [Innovative Systems Paper] 2014 VLDB 4.5902866e-05
8,123 Similarity Search for Adaptive Ellipsoid Queries Using Spatial Transformation 2001 VLDB 4.5801104e-05
8,171 GTS: GPU-based Tree Index for Fast Similarity Search 2024 SIGMOD 4.5688498e-05
8,359 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 4.5372925e-05
8,562 Contorting High Dimensional Data for Efficient Main Memory KNN Processing 2003 SIGMOD 4.4937074e-05
8,693 A Generalized Approach for Reducing Expensive Distance Calls for A Broad Class of Proximity Problems 2021 SIGMOD 4.466142e-05
9,025 Dimensional Testing for Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor Search 2017 VLDB 4.4072367e-05
9,121 Hypersphere Dominance: An Optimal Approach 2014 SIGMOD 4.3922853e-05
9,122 Using Sets of Feature Vectors for Similarity Search on Voxelized CAD Objects 2003 SIGMOD 4.3922853e-05
9,283 Adaptive Indexing in High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 2023 VLDB 4.3631652e-05
9,661 MSQL+: A Plugin Toolkit for Similarity Search under Metric Spaces in Distributed Relational Database Systems 2018 VLDB 4.3100374e-05
9,881 VStream: A Distributed Streaming Vector Search System 2025 VLDB 4.2643674e-05
9,903 Towards Systematic Index Dynamization 2024 VLDB 4.258022e-05
9,914 RWalks: Random Walks as Attribute Diffusers for Filtered Vector Search 2025 SIGMOD 4.2561557e-05
10,042 Accelerating High-Dimensional ANN Search via Skipping Redundant Distance Computations 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,068 DiskJoin: Large-scale Vector Similarity Join with SSD 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,124 TRIM: Accelerating High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search with Enhanced Triangle-Inequality-Based Pruning 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,180 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,331 MS-Index: Fast Top-k Subsequence Search for Multivariate Time Series under Euclidean Distance 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,602 Wolverine: Highly Efficient Monotonic Search Path Repair for Graph-based ANN Index Updates 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,128 LARGE: A Length-Aggregation-based Grid Structure for Line Density Visualization 2024 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,185 FINEX: A Fast Index for Exact & Flexible Density-Based Clustering 2023 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,375 DESIRE: An Efficient Dynamic Cluster-based Forest Indexing for Similarity Search in Multi-Metric Spaces 2022 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,719 EPUI: Experimental Platform for Urban Informatics 2018 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,724 ZigZag: Supporting Similarity Queries on Vector Space Models 2018 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,904 Indexing Metric Uncertain Data for Range Queries 2015 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
12,006 YZStack: Provisioning Customizable Solution for Big Data 2014 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
12,091 QuEval: Beyond high-dimensional indexing a la carte 2013 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
12,173 Exact Indexing for Support Vector Machines 2011 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
12,176 Effective Data Co-Reduction for Multimedia Similarity Search 2011 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
12,268 Efficient RkNN Retrieval with Arbitrary Non-Metric Similarity Measures 2010 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
12,277 Transforming Range Queries To Equivalent Box Queries To Optimize Page Access 2010 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
12,481 MIST: Distributed Indexing and Querying in Sensor Networks using Statistical Models 2007 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
12,511 Using High Dimensional Indexes to Support Relevance Feedback Based Interactive Images Retrieval 2006 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
12,585 Indexing and Mining Streams 2004 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
12,625 The ND-Tree: A Dynamic Indexing Technique for Multidimensional Non-ordered Discrete Data Spaces 2003 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
12,670 Fast Evaluation Techniques for Complex Similarity Queries 2001 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0032169493
6 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.0016162015
24 The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index For Multi-Dimensional Objects 1987 VLDB 0.00083378538
47 Nearest Neighbor Queries 1995 SIGMOD 0.0007015885
65 Fast Subsequence Matching in Time-Series Databases 1994 SIGMOD 0.00062029383
129 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.0004429571
242 Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems (Extended Abstract) 1995 VLDB 0.00031110894
471 FastMap: A Fast Algorithm for Indexing, Data-Mining and Visualization of Traditional and Multimedia Datasets 1995 SIGMOD 0.00022364776
575 Distance-Based Indexing For High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 1997 SIGMOD 0.00019882723
708 Near Neighbor Search in Large Metric Spaces 1995 VLDB 0.00017772684
1,293 Content-Based Image Indexing 1994 VLDB 0.00012783639
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Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,807 Indexing for Subtree Similarity-Search using Edit Distance 2013 SIGMOD 4.9217776e-05
1,945 Multidimensional Access Methods: Trees Have Grown Everywhere 1997 VLDB 0.00010001003
8,123 Similarity Search for Adaptive Ellipsoid Queries Using Spatial Transformation 2001 VLDB 4.5801104e-05
10,180 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
1,925 The A-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Spaces Using Relative Approximation 2000 VLDB 0.00010073407
3,199 Similarity Evaluation on Tree-structured Data 2005 SIGMOD 7.3927291e-05
9,283 Adaptive Indexing in High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 2023 VLDB 4.3631652e-05
708 Near Neighbor Search in Large Metric Spaces 1995 VLDB 0.00017772684
575 Distance-Based Indexing For High-Dimensional Metric Spaces 1997 SIGMOD 0.00019882723
1,811 A Cost Model for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces 1998 PODS 0.00010467197