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Procedural Extensions of SQL: Understanding their usage in the wild

Summary: Empirical study of procedural SQL usage across workloads—procedures, UDFs, triggers—reveals magnitude and complexity. SQL-ProcBench: a real-workload benchmark for procedural SQL; cross-engine experiments expose research challenges and opportunities. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h05763c155ca7445c
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
9.5999908e-05
Overall Rank
1,800 | 87.94%
DOI
10.14778/3457390.3457402
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{gupta_vldb21,
        title = {{Procedural Extensions of SQL: Understanding their usage in the wild}},
        author = {Gupta, Surabhi and Ramachandra, Karthik},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {8},
        pages = {1378--1391},
        doi = {10.14778/3457390.3457402},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3457390.3457402},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,654 User-Defined Operators: Efficiently Integrating Custom Algorithms into Modern Databases 2022 VLDB 7.1147757e-05
5,723 Accelerating Python UDFs in Vectorized Query Execution 2022 CIDR 5.9993122e-05
6,100 Dear User-Defined Functions, Inlining isn't working out so great for us. Let's try batching to make our relationship work. Sincerely, SQL 2024 CIDR 5.8699028e-05
6,218 YeSQL: "You extend SQL" with Rich and Highly Performant User-Defined Functions in Relational Databases 2022 VLDB 5.8292066e-05
6,305 Declarative Sub-Operators for Universal Data Processing 2023 VLDB 5.8008469e-05
6,586 WeBridge: Synthesizing Stored Procedures for Large-Scale Real-World Web Applications 2024 SIGMOD 5.7237124e-05
6,658 Workload Insights From The Snowflake Data Cloud: What Do Production Analytic Queries Really Look Like? 2025 VLDB 5.7025639e-05
7,343 An Examination of CXL Memory Use Cases for In-Memory Database Management Systems using SAP HANA 2024 VLDB 5.5324561e-05
8,609 OneProvenance: Efficient Extraction of Dynamic Coarse-Grained Provenance From Database Query Event Logs 2023 VLDB 5.2892055e-05
8,635 The Key to Effective UDF Optimization: Before Inlining, First Perform Outlining 2025 VLDB 5.2832224e-05
9,241 Are Database System Researchers Making Correct Assumptions About Transaction Workloads? 2025 SIGMOD 5.1865718e-05
9,729 The UDFBench Benchmark for General-purpose UDF Queries 2025 VLDB 5.1202393e-05
10,260 SQL Engines Excel at the Execution of Imperative Programs 2024 VLDB 5.0381136e-05
10,525 EncoderForge: Generating Efficient SQL for Encoders in Machine Learning Inference Pipelines 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,658 PLForge: Enhancing Language Models for Natural Language to Procedural Extensions of SQL 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,032 GraphAlg Playground: An Online Platform for Learning and Experimenting with the GraphAlg Language 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,199 Query Decorrelation in the Fabric Data Warehouse 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,236 UDFBench: A Tool for Benchmarking UDF Queries on SQL Engines 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,448 Horizon: Robust Checks for SQL Migration Using LLMs 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,602 Understanding and Reusing Test Suites Across Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,847 To UDFs and Beyond: Demonstration of a Fully Decomposed Data Processor for General Data Wrangling Tasks 2023 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 22 of 22 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061463175
21 Efficiently Compiling Efficient Query Plans for Modern Hardware 2011 VLDB 0.00056737487
35 Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine 2013 SIGMOD 0.00047937476
378 Massive Stochastic Testing of SQL 1998 VLDB 0.000196128
606 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Compiled and Vectorized Queries But Were Afraid to Ask 2018 VLDB 0.00015609823
896 Froid: Optimization of Imperative Programs in a Relational Database 2018 VLDB 0.00013164545
1,276 Rewriting Procedures for Batched Bindings 2008 VLDB 0.00011210489
1,756 How to Architect a Query Compiler 2016 SIGMOD 9.7053947e-05
2,433 How to Architect a Query Compiler, Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 8.4614165e-05
2,716 Compiling PL/SQL Away 2020 CIDR 8.0819509e-05
3,002 Extracting Equivalent SQL from Imperative Code in Database Applications 2016 SIGMOD 7.7473824e-05
3,194 Demonstration of the Cosette Automated SQL Prover 2017 SIGMOD 7.5310063e-05
4,078 Aggify: Lifting the Curse of Cursor Loops using Custom Aggregates 2020 SIGMOD 6.8028789e-05
4,302 A Method for Optimizing Opaque Filter Queries 2020 SIGMOD 6.6614501e-05
4,492 Recurring Job Optimization in Scope 2012 SIGMOD 6.5612113e-05
4,544 Just-in-time compilation for SQL query processing 2013 VLDB 6.5371841e-05
4,817 Permutable Compiled Queries: Dynamically Adapting Compiled Queries without Recompiling 2021 VLDB 6.388743e-05
5,919 PL/SQL Without the PL 2020 SIGMOD 5.9306506e-05
6,104 Iterative Query Processing based on Unified Optimization Techniques 2019 SIGMOD 5.8688901e-05
6,413 Functional-Style SQL UDFs With a Capital 'F' 2020 SIGMOD 5.7764365e-05
7,454 DBridge: Translating Imperative Code to SQL 2017 SIGMOD 5.5095611e-05
8,361 MONSOON: Multi-Step Optimization and Execution of Queries with Partially Obscured Predicates 2020 SIGMOD 5.3310744e-05
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