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Procedural Extensions of SQL: Understanding their usage in the wild

Summary: Empirical study of procedural SQL usage across workloads—procedures, UDFs, triggers—reveals magnitude and complexity. SQL-ProcBench: a real-workload benchmark for procedural SQL; cross-engine experiments expose research challenges and opportunities. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h05763c155ca7445c
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
9.6281276e-05
Overall Rank
1,786 | 88.00%
DOI
10.14778/3457390.3457402
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{gupta_vldb21,
        title = {{Procedural Extensions of SQL: Understanding their usage in the wild}},
        author = {Gupta, Surabhi and Ramachandra, Karthik},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {8},
        pages = {1378--1391},
        doi = {10.14778/3457390.3457402},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3457390.3457402},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,645 User-Defined Operators: Efficiently Integrating Custom Algorithms into Modern Databases 2022 VLDB 7.1383149e-05
5,720 Accelerating Python UDFs in Vectorized Query Execution 2022 CIDR 6.0159287e-05
6,086 Dear User-Defined Functions, Inlining isn't working out so great for us. Let's try batching to make our relationship work. Sincerely, SQL 2024 CIDR 5.8893767e-05
6,215 YeSQL: "You extend SQL" with Rich and Highly Performant User-Defined Functions in Relational Databases 2022 VLDB 5.8453061e-05
6,301 Declarative Sub-Operators for Universal Data Processing 2023 VLDB 5.8167709e-05
6,578 WeBridge: Synthesizing Stored Procedures for Large-Scale Real-World Web Applications 2024 SIGMOD 5.7426577e-05
6,646 Workload Insights From The Snowflake Data Cloud: What Do Production Analytic Queries Really Look Like? 2025 VLDB 5.7214206e-05
7,325 An Examination of CXL Memory Use Cases for In-Memory Database Management Systems using SAP HANA 2024 VLDB 5.5508106e-05
8,590 OneProvenance: Efficient Extraction of Dynamic Coarse-Grained Provenance From Database Query Event Logs 2023 VLDB 5.3067446e-05
9,286 Are Database System Researchers Making Correct Assumptions About Transaction Workloads? 2025 SIGMOD 5.2017718e-05
9,596 The Key to Effective UDF Optimization: Before Inlining, First Perform Outlining 2025 VLDB 5.1543679e-05
9,700 The UDFBench Benchmark for General-purpose UDF Queries 2025 VLDB 5.1372261e-05
10,229 SQL Engines Excel at the Execution of Imperative Programs 2024 VLDB 5.054828e-05
10,459 EncoderForge: Generating Efficient SQL for Encoders in Machine Learning Inference Pipelines 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,596 PLForge: Enhancing Language Models for Natural Language to Procedural Extensions of SQL 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,971 GraphAlg Playground: An Online Platform for Learning and Experimenting with the GraphAlg Language 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,140 Query Decorrelation in the Fabric Data Warehouse 2025 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,177 UDFBench: A Tool for Benchmarking UDF Queries on SQL Engines 2025 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,395 Horizon: Robust Checks for SQL Migration Using LLMs 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,553 Understanding and Reusing Test Suites Across Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,803 To UDFs and Beyond: Demonstration of a Fully Decomposed Data Processor for General Data Wrangling Tasks 2023 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 22 of 22 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
21 Efficiently Compiling Efficient Query Plans for Modern Hardware 2011 VLDB 0.00056835296
35 Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine 2013 SIGMOD 0.00047996489
383 Massive Stochastic Testing of SQL 1998 VLDB 0.00019474868
605 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Compiled and Vectorized Queries But Were Afraid to Ask 2018 VLDB 0.00015640305
896 Froid: Optimization of Imperative Programs in a Relational Database 2018 VLDB 0.00013203085
1,275 Rewriting Procedures for Batched Bindings 2008 VLDB 0.00011242055
1,744 How to Architect a Query Compiler 2016 SIGMOD 9.7332903e-05
2,420 How to Architect a Query Compiler, Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 8.4883426e-05
2,707 Compiling PL/SQL Away 2020 CIDR 8.1073034e-05
2,994 Extracting Equivalent SQL from Imperative Code in Database Applications 2016 SIGMOD 7.7685417e-05
3,204 Demonstration of the Cosette Automated SQL Prover 2017 SIGMOD 7.5379936e-05
4,062 Aggify: Lifting the Curse of Cursor Loops using Custom Aggregates 2020 SIGMOD 6.8215782e-05
4,292 A Method for Optimizing Opaque Filter Queries 2020 SIGMOD 6.6792739e-05
4,472 Recurring Job Optimization in Scope 2012 SIGMOD 6.5822904e-05
4,526 Just-in-time compilation for SQL query processing 2013 VLDB 6.5585556e-05
4,796 Permutable Compiled Queries: Dynamically Adapting Compiled Queries without Recompiling 2021 VLDB 6.409726e-05
5,906 PL/SQL Without the PL 2020 SIGMOD 5.9495255e-05
6,090 Iterative Query Processing based on Unified Optimization Techniques 2019 SIGMOD 5.8880907e-05
6,402 Functional-Style SQL UDFs With a Capital 'F' 2020 SIGMOD 5.7953646e-05
7,441 DBridge: Translating Imperative Code to SQL 2017 SIGMOD 5.5246099e-05
8,348 MONSOON: Multi-Step Optimization and Execution of Queries with Partially Obscured Predicates 2020 SIGMOD 5.3486679e-05
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