F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales
Summary: F1 is a relational DB blending NoSQL scalability with SQL usability, built on Spanner for replication and strong consistency. Hierarchical schema and structured data mitigate latency; includes a distributed SQL engine and automatic change tracking. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Authors
- 1. Jeff Shute (Google)
- 2. Chad Whipkey (Google)
- 3. David Menestrina (Google)
- 4. Radek Vingralek (Google)
- 5. Bart Samwel (Google)
- 6. Ben Handy (Google)
- 7. Eric Rollins (Google)
- 8. Mircea Oancea (Google)
- 9. Kyle Littlefield (Google)
- 10. Stephan Ellner (Google)
- 11. John Cieslewicz (Google)
- 12. Ian Rae (University of Wisconsin)
- 13. Traian Stancescu (Google)
- 14. Himani Apte (Google)
BibTeX Citation
@article{shute_vldb13,
title = {{F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales}},
author = {Shute, Jeff and Whipkey, Chad and Menestrina, David and Vingralek, Radek and Samwel, Bart and Handy, Ben and Rollins, Eric and Oancea, Mircea and Littlefield, Kyle and Ellner, Stephan and Cieslewicz, John and Rae, Ian and Stancescu, Traian and Apte, Himani},
journal = {PVLDB},
series = {{VLDB} '13},
volume = {6},
number = {11},
pages = {1068--1079},
doi = {10.14778/2536222.2536232},
url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2536222.2536232},
year = {2013}
}Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 50 of 52 citing papers.
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 6 of 6 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels | 1995 | SIGMOD | 0.00058781151 |
| 139 | Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services | 2011 | CIDR | 0.00029480065 |
| 1,130 | WSQ/DSQ: A Practical Approach for Combined Querying of Databases and the Web* | 2000 | SIGMOD | 0.00011902078 |
| 1,576 | F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business | 2012 | SIGMOD | 0.00010191761 |
| 3,125 | The O2 Object-Oriented Database System | 1992 | SIGMOD | 7.6223061e-05 |
| 3,515 | Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1 | 2013 | VLDB | 7.2428059e-05 |
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Semantically Similar Papers
| # | Overall Rank | Paper | Year | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1,583 | On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases | 2015 | SIGMOD |
| 2 | 11,376 | FDBKeeper: Enabling Scalable Coordination Services for Metadata Management using Distributed Key-Value Databases | 2025 | VLDB |
| 3 | 13,119 | Adaptive Distributed Query Processing | 2003 | VLDB |
| 4 | 8,438 | Shasta: Interactive Reporting At Scale | 2016 | SIGMOD |
| 5 | 2,089 | FoundationDB: A Distributed Unbundled Transactional Key Value Store | 2021 | SIGMOD |
| 6 | 746 | Spanner: Becoming a SQL System | 2017 | SIGMOD |
| 7 | 2,997 | F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service | 2020 | VLDB |
| 8 | 3,515 | Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1 | 2013 | VLDB |
| 9 | 2,915 | F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale | 2018 | VLDB |
| 10 | 1,576 | F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business | 2012 | SIGMOD |