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CodeS: Towards Building Open-source Language Models for Text-to-SQL

Summary: Open-source text-to-SQL LMs (1B–15B) that beat closed LLM SOTA, with SQL-centric incremental pretraining. Key tricks: schema-linking/domain-adaptation via prompt design + bidirectional augmentation; strong gains on Spider, BIRD, robustness, and real-world datasets. (summarized by gpt-5.4-mini on May 24 2026)

Paper ID
hbcc1d0a1b2f53beb
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2024
Pagerank
0.00017239952
Overall Rank
501 | 96.65%
DOI
10.1145/3654930

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{li_sigmod24,
        title = {{CodeS: Towards Building Open-source Language Models for Text-to-SQL}},
        author = {Li, Haoyang and Zhang, Jing and Liu, Hanbing and Fan, Ju and Zhang, Xiaokang and Zhu, Jun and Wei, Renjie and Pan, Hongyan and Li, Cuiping and Chen, Hong},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '24},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3654930},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654930},
        year = {2024}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 43 of 43 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,789 OmniSQL: Synthesizing High-quality Text-to-SQL Data at Scale 2025 VLDB 9.628035e-05
1,977 OpenSearch-SQL: Enhancing Text-to-SQL with Dynamic Few-shot and Consistency Alignment 2025 SIGMOD 9.2659291e-05
2,117 The Dawn of Natural Language to SQL: Are We Fully Ready? 2024 VLDB 9.0012524e-05
3,358 Combining Small Language Models and Large Language Models for Zero-Shot NL2SQL 2024 VLDB 7.3650961e-05
4,689 SNAILS: Schema Naming Assessments for Improved LLM-Based SQL Inference 2025 SIGMOD 6.4513088e-05
4,917 Automated Validating and Fixing of Text-to-SQL Translation with Execution Consistency 2025 SIGMOD 6.3447485e-05
5,534 SiriusBI: A Comprehensive LLM-Powered Solution for Data Analytics in Business Intelligence 2025 VLDB 6.0766545e-05
6,235 GenEdit: Compounding Operators and Continuous Improvement to Tackle Text-to-SQL in the Enterprise 2025 CIDR 5.8248698e-05
6,528 Reliable Text-to-SQL with Adaptive Abstention 2025 SIGMOD 5.7375274e-05
7,092 E2ETune: End-to-End Knob Tuning via Fine-tuned Generative Language Model 2025 VLDB 5.5868637e-05
7,972 The Power of Constraints in Natural Language to SQL Translation 2025 VLDB 5.3993508e-05
8,061 Demonstrating SQLBarber: Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Customized and Realistic SQL Workloads 2025 SIGMOD 5.3820955e-05
8,311 ELT-Bench: An End-to-End Benchmark for Evaluating AI Agents on ELT Pipelines 2026 VLDB 5.3410298e-05
9,242 Natural Language to SQL: State of the Art and Open Problems 2025 VLDB 5.1864799e-05
9,256 SQL-Factory: A Multi-Agent Framework for High-Quality and Large-Scale SQL Generation 2026 VLDB 5.1860131e-05
9,494 SQLBarber: A System Leveraging Large Language Models to Generate Customized and Realistic SQL Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 5.1541298e-05
9,946 AgentTune: An Agent-Based Large Language Model Framework for Database Knob Tuning 2026 SIGMOD 5.0910746e-05
9,994 Evoschema: Towards Text-To-Sql Robustness Against Schema Evolution 2025 VLDB 5.0845476e-05
10,383 Benchmarking Text-to-SQL under Role-Based Access Control 2027 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,411 TACO: Token-Aware Context Optimization for Structured OpenStreetMap Query Generation 2027 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,505 Comparison and Analysis of Value Linking in Text-to-SQL Systems [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,511 DeepEye-SQL: A Software-Engineering-Inspired Text-to-SQL Framework 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,565 OctoSelector: Efficient and Effective Batch-Aware Model Selection for Large Language Models 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,574 Reward-SQL: Boosting Text-to-SQL via Stepwise Execution-Aware Reasoning and Process-Supervised Rewards 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,621 Are Your LLM-based Text-to-SQL Models Secure? Exploring SQL Injection via Backdoor Attacks 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,653 MCTuner: Spatial Decomposition-Enhanced Database Tuning via LLM-Guided Exploration 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,658 PLForge: Enhancing Language Models for Natural Language to Procedural Extensions of SQL 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,667 Reliable Answers for Recurring Questions: Boosting Text-to-SQL Accuracy with Template Constrained Decoding 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,670 AixelAsk: A Stepwise-Guided Retrieval and Reasoning Framework for Large Table QA 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,704 DIVER: A Robust Text-to-SQL System with Dynamic Interactive Value Linking and Evidence Reasoning 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,742 PRISM: Navigating Cost–Accuracy Trade-offs for NL2SQL 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,758 SchemaRAG: A Schema-aware Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for Text-to-SQL 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,766 NL2SQLBench: A Modular Benchmarking Framework for LLM-Enabled NL2SQL Solutions 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,790 TACO: A Benchmark for Open-Domain Text-to-SQL with Ambiguous and Cross-Database Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,809 OpenSQL: Data-Efficient Text-to-SQL for Open-Source LLMs via Synthesized Intermediate Supervision 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,837 A Comparative Evaluation of Schema Subsetting for LLM-based NL-to-SQL over Large-Schema Databases 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,908 EcoTable: Cost-effective Table Integration in Data Lakes for Natural Language Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,962 Dial: A Knowledge-Grounded Dialect-Specific NL2SQL System 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,026 AtomSQL: Interactive Disambiguation of NL-to-SQL via User-Guided Atom-Level Alignment 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,090 ATLAS: Adaptive Text-to-SQL with Lifecycle-Aware Self-Maintaining Context 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,141 Pervasive Annotation Errors Break Text-to-SQL Benchmarks and Leaderboards 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,228 RTS+: Reliable Text to SQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,438 Towards Automated Cross-domain Exploratory Data Analysis through Large Language Models 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 4 of 4 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
163 Text-to-SQL Empowered by Large Language Models: A Benchmark Evaluation 2024 VLDB 0.00027456647
1,209 CatSQL: Towards Real World Natural Language to SQL Applications 2023 VLDB 0.00011499224
1,852 ScienceBenchmark: A Complex Real-World Benchmark for Evaluating Natural Language to SQL Systems 2024 VLDB 9.4935131e-05
2,216 Few-shot Text-to-SQL Translation using Structure and Content Prompt Learning 2023 SIGMOD 8.8249841e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 7,972 The Power of Constraints in Natural Language to SQL Translation 2025 VLDB
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3 6,528 Reliable Text-to-SQL with Adaptive Abstention 2025 SIGMOD
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5 2,216 Few-shot Text-to-SQL Translation using Structure and Content Prompt Learning 2023 SIGMOD
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