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Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases

Summary: Scalable billion-record synthetic SQL databases on shared-nothing clusters for benchmarking. Key ideas: congruential generators for dense, unique uniform data; concurrent index generation via discrete logs; and support for exponential, normal, and self-similar distributions. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
he9be0005aa270faa
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1994
Pagerank
0.00033563032
Overall Rank
106 | 99.30%
DOI
10.1145/191839.191886

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{gray_sigmod94,
        title = {{Quickly Generating Billion-Record Synthetic Databases}},
        author = {Gray, Jim and Sundaresan, Prakash and Englert, Susanne and Baclawski, Ken and Weinberger, Peter J.},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '94},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/191839.191886},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/191839.191886},
        year = {1994}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 81 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
212 Sort vs. Hash Revisited: Fast Join Implementation on Modern Multi-Core CPUs 2009 VLDB 0.00024786576
238 LinkBench: a Database Benchmark Based on the Facebook Social Graph 2013 SIGMOD 0.00023594951
447 Staring into the Abyss: An Evaluation of Concurrency Control with One Thousand Cores 2015 VLDB 0.00018126139
626 Adaptive Aggregation on Chip Multiprocessors 2007 VLDB 0.00015431379
740 Rethinking serializable multiversion concurrency control 2015 VLDB 0.00014303858
751 QAGen: Generating Query-Aware Test Databases 2007 SIGMOD 0.00014245413
958 Flexible Database Generators 2005 VLDB 0.00012834376
1,051 High Performance Transactions via Early Write Visibility 2017 VLDB 0.00012262974
1,074 Interactive Analytical Processing in Big Data Systems: A Cross-Industry Study of MapReduce Workloads 2012 VLDB 0.00012131641
1,269 An Experimental Comparison of Thirteen Relational Equi-Joins in Main Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011236561
1,288 Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011172386
1,302 TicToc: Time Traveling Optimistic Concurrency Control 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011092608
1,320 Improving Optimistic Concurrency Control Through Transaction Batching and Operation Reordering 2019 VLDB 0.00011021933
1,452 Consistency Rationing in the Cloud: Pay only when it matters 2009 VLDB 0.00010588622
1,607 Simple and Realistic Data Generation 2006 VLDB 0.00010078023
1,655 Aria: A Fast and Practical Deterministic OLTP Database 2020 VLDB 9.9502338e-05
1,737 Improving the Performance of List Intersection 2009 VLDB 9.7383962e-05
1,829 Broadcast Disks: Data Management for Asymmetric Communication Environments 1995 SIGMOD 9.5395344e-05
1,854 Detecting Logic Bugs of Join Optimizations in DBMS 2023 SIGMOD 9.4858897e-05
1,865 PALM: Parallel Architecture-Friendly Latch-Free Modifications to B+ Trees on Many-Core Processors 2011 VLDB 9.4644494e-05
1,901 Generating Targeted Queries for Database Testing 2008 SIGMOD 9.3902763e-05
2,208 Mega-KV: A Case for GPUs to Maximize the Throughput of In-Memory Key-Value Stores 2015 VLDB 8.8459331e-05
2,422 Data Generation using Declarative Constraints 2011 SIGMOD 8.4785012e-05
2,485 A Memory Bandwidth-Efficient Hybrid Radix Sort on GPUs 2017 SIGMOD 8.3800709e-05
2,566 Answering Top-k Queries Using Views 2006 VLDB 8.2679821e-05
2,755 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.0383029e-05
2,962 Reverse Data Management 2011 VLDB 7.7949147e-05
3,012 Accordion: Better Memory Organization for LSM Key-Value Stores 2018 VLDB 7.7414696e-05
3,089 Plausible Deniability for Privacy-Preserving Data Synthesis 2017 VLDB 7.6434886e-05
3,309 To Lock, Swap, or Elide: On the Interplay of Hardware Transactional Memory and Lock-Free Indexing 2015 VLDB 7.4176874e-05
3,403 CloudRAMSort: Fast and Efficient Large-Scale Distributed RAM Sort on Shared-Nothing Cluster 2012 SIGMOD 7.3213995e-05
3,404 FlexPushdownDB: Hybrid Pushdown and Caching in a Cloud DBMS 2021 VLDB 7.3212594e-05
3,454 Cubetree: Organization of and Bulk Incremental Updates on the Data Cube 1997 SIGMOD 7.270801e-05
3,652 Keep It Simple: Testing Databases via Differential Query Plans 2024 SIGMOD 7.1150097e-05
3,828 Orchestrating Data Placement and Query Execution in Heterogeneous CPU-GPU DBMS 2022 VLDB 6.9779559e-05
4,084 PARADIS: An Efficient Parallel Algorithm for In-place Radix Sort 2015 VLDB 6.7991616e-05
4,113 Generating Databases for Query Workloads 2010 VLDB 6.7870932e-05
4,161 Parallel Analytics as a Service 2013 SIGMOD 6.7570102e-05
4,182 Spitfire: A Three-Tier Buffer Manager for Volatile and Non-Volatile Memory 2021 SIGMOD 6.7432523e-05
4,748 Detecting Metadata-Related Logic Bugs in Database Systems via Raw Database Construction 2024 VLDB 6.4257176e-05
4,844 Epoch-based Commit and Replication in Distributed OLTP Databases 2021 VLDB 6.3720999e-05
5,113 ROBUS: Fair Cache Allocation for Data-parallel Workloads 2017 SIGMOD 6.2569879e-05
5,509 Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table 2022 VLDB 6.0872396e-05
5,553 Generalized Hash Teams for Join and Group-by 1999 VLDB 6.0707293e-05
5,637 FPGA-based Multithreading for In-Memory Hash Joins 2015 CIDR 6.0383864e-05
5,818 An Evaluation of Checkpoint Recovery for Massively Multiplayer Online Games 2009 VLDB 5.9675734e-05
5,863 Consistent Synchronization Schemes for Workload Replay 2011 VLDB 5.9501358e-05
6,012 Fine-Grained Re-Execution for Efficient Batched Commit of Distributed Transactions 2023 VLDB 5.8964082e-05
6,118 Constant Optimization Driven Database System Testing 2025 SIGMOD 5.8646302e-05
6,127 Taking Omid to the Clouds: Fast, Scalable Transactions for Real-Time Cloud Analytics 2018 VLDB 5.8609011e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
46 Benchmarking Database Systems: A Systematic Approach 1983 VLDB 0.00044656322
55 GAMMA - A High Performance Dataflow Database Machine 1986 VLDB 0.00040385073
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