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The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles

Summary: R*-tree: joint optimization of area, margin, and overlap in inner nodes for rectangles and multidimensional points. Extensive experiments on a standardized testbed show it outperforms Guttman’s linear/quadratic R-trees and Greene’s variant across point/rectangle queries and map overlay, with efficient data support and only modest implementation cost. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hf9e5c18551cae259
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1990
Pagerank
0.0011386412
Overall Rank
4 | 99.98%
DOI
10.1145/93597.98741

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{beckmann_sigmod90,
        title = {{The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles}},
        author = {Beckmann, Norbert and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Schneider, Ralf and Seeger, Bernhard},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '90},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/93597.98741},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/93597.98741},
        year = {1990}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 282 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,050 Separability of Polyhedra for Optimal Filtering of Spatial and Constraint Data 1995 PODS 5.8865586e-05
6,076 High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search: From Time Series to Deep Network Embeddings 2020 SIGMOD 5.8774917e-05
6,123 Efficient Probabilistic Reverse Nearest Neighbor Query Processing on Uncertain Data 2011 VLDB 5.8633884e-05
6,165 V-Trees - A Storage Method for Long Vector Data 1994 VLDB 5.8501981e-05
6,221 FACET: Robust Counterfactual Explanation Analytics 2023 SIGMOD 5.8286278e-05
6,231 Window Query-Optimal Clustering of Spatial Objects 1995 PODS 5.8255825e-05
6,245 Efficient Exact Subgraph Matching via GNN-based Path Dominance Embedding 2024 VLDB 5.8210521e-05
6,256 Efficient Data-aware Distance Comparison Operations for High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.8162066e-05
6,329 POIsam: a System for Efficient Selection of Large-scale Geospatial Data on Maps 2018 SIGMOD 5.7941796e-05
6,360 Clue-based Spatio-textual Query 2017 VLDB 5.78729e-05
6,392 Maximum Rank Query 2015 VLDB 5.786744e-05
6,427 External Memory Algorithms 1998 PODS 5.7713075e-05
6,431 Performance of Data-Parallel Spatial Operations 1994 VLDB 5.7688769e-05
6,552 Adaptive Multi-Stage Distance Join Processing 2000 SIGMOD 5.7306642e-05
6,588 Parallel Computation of Skyline and Reverse Skyline Queries Using MapReduce 2013 VLDB 5.723467e-05
6,597 Efficient Search of Multidimensional B-Trees 1995 VLDB 5.7220175e-05
6,604 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7196547e-05
6,631 Two-dimensional Substring Indexing 2001 PODS 5.7114931e-05
6,680 Range Search over Encrypted Multi-Attribute Data 2023 VLDB 5.6950181e-05
6,756 Trajectory Similarity Measurement: An Efficiency Perspective 2024 VLDB 5.6724628e-05
6,780 Marrying Top-k with Skyline Queries: Relaxing the Preference Input while Producing Output of Controllable Size 2021 SIGMOD 5.6685383e-05
6,798 AGILE: Adaptive Indexing for Context-Aware Information Filters 2005 SIGMOD 5.6629605e-05
6,811 An Incremental Hausdorff Distance Calculation Algorithm 2011 VLDB 5.6598101e-05
6,923 Discovering Longest-lasting Correlation in Sequence Databases 2013 VLDB 5.6297586e-05
6,941 GTI: Graph-based Tree Index with Logarithm Updates for Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2025 VLDB 5.6229105e-05
6,962 Indexing the Edges – A simple and yet efficient approach to high-dimensional indexing 2000 PODS 5.6181217e-05
6,992 Global Immutable Region Computation 2014 SIGMOD 5.609582e-05
7,045 A New Method for Similarity Indexing of Market Basket Data 1999 SIGMOD 5.5975731e-05
7,048 Real-time Distributed Co-Movement Pattern Detection on Streaming Trajectories 2019 VLDB 5.5968362e-05
7,236 Indexing Methods for Moving Object Databases: Games and Other Applications 2013 SIGMOD 5.5629185e-05
7,306 Continuous Obstructed Nearest Neighbor Queries in Spatial Databases 2009 SIGMOD 5.5452852e-05
7,324 Theoretically Optimal and Empirically Efficient R-trees with Strong Parallelizability 2018 VLDB 5.5387994e-05
7,358 Wolverine: Highly Efficient Monotonic Search Path Repair for Graph-based ANN Index Updates 2025 VLDB 5.5288758e-05
7,504 OBIR-tree: An Efficient Oblivious Index for Spatial Keyword Queries on Secure Enclaves 2025 SIGMOD 5.4920201e-05
7,519 Boosting Spatial Pruning: On Optimal Pruning of MBRs 2010 SIGMOD 5.4892692e-05
7,542 Comparing Synopsis Techniques for Approximate Spatial Data Analysis 2019 VLDB 5.4821664e-05
7,563 Scaling and Time Warping in Time Series Querying 2005 VLDB 5.478063e-05
7,616 DEG: Efficient Hybrid Vector Search Using the Dynamic Edge Navigation Graph 2025 SIGMOD 5.4672835e-05
7,711 An Open Abstract-Object Storage System 1996 SIGMOD 5.4563875e-05
7,742 Efficient Computation of Top-k Frequent Terms over Spatio-temporal Ranges 2017 SIGMOD 5.4468611e-05
7,811 K-Anonymization as Spatial Indexing: Toward Scalable and Incremental Anonymization 2007 VLDB 5.432001e-05
7,876 Similarity Search on Bregman Divergence: Towards Non-Metric Indexing 2009 VLDB 5.4194298e-05
7,886 Optimizing Probabilistic Query Processing on Continuous Uncertain Data 2011 VLDB 5.4163537e-05
7,924 Processing and Optimization of Multiway Spatial Joins Using R-trees 1999 PODS 5.4090777e-05
8,056 VecFlow: A High-Performance Vector Data Management System for Filtered-Search on GPUs 2026 SIGMOD 5.3830983e-05
8,132 A Trajectory Splitting Model for Efficient Spatio-Temporal Indexing 2005 VLDB 5.3739121e-05
8,201 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.3623066e-05
8,219 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.359172e-05
8,249 Raster Intervals: An Approximation Technique for Polygon Intersection Joins 2023 SIGMOD 5.3539505e-05
8,391 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.3248747e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0019892478
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.00031562001
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