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The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles

Summary: R*-tree: joint optimization of area, margin, and overlap in inner nodes for rectangles and multidimensional points. Extensive experiments on a standardized testbed show it outperforms Guttman’s linear/quadratic R-trees and Greene’s variant across point/rectangle queries and map overlay, with efficient data support and only modest implementation cost. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hf9e5c18551cae259
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1990
Pagerank
0.0011405675
Overall Rank
4 | 99.98%
DOI
10.1145/93597.98741

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{beckmann_sigmod90,
        title = {{The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles}},
        author = {Beckmann, Norbert and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Schneider, Ralf and Seeger, Bernhard},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '90},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/93597.98741},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/93597.98741},
        year = {1990}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 281 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,035 Separability of Polyhedra for Optimal Filtering of Spatial and Constraint Data 1995 PODS 5.9088735e-05
6,108 Efficient Probabilistic Reverse Nearest Neighbor Query Processing on Uncertain Data 2011 VLDB 5.8850424e-05
6,145 V-Trees - A Storage Method for Long Vector Data 1994 VLDB 5.8717297e-05
6,181 High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search: From Time Series to Deep Network Embeddings 2020 SIGMOD 5.8595125e-05
6,203 FACET: Robust Counterfactual Explanation Analytics 2023 SIGMOD 5.8507344e-05
6,216 Window Query-Optimal Clustering of Spatial Objects 1995 PODS 5.847583e-05
6,232 Efficient Exact Subgraph Matching via GNN-based Path Dominance Embedding 2024 VLDB 5.84313e-05
6,239 Efficient Data-aware Distance Comparison Operations for High-Dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 VLDB 5.8382662e-05
6,314 POIsam: a System for Efficient Selection of Large-scale Geospatial Data on Maps 2018 SIGMOD 5.8161556e-05
6,346 Clue-based Spatio-textual Query 2017 VLDB 5.8092399e-05
6,378 Maximum Rank Query 2015 VLDB 5.8086918e-05
6,413 External Memory Algorithms 1998 PODS 5.7931958e-05
6,418 Performance of Data-Parallel Spatial Operations 1994 VLDB 5.7907247e-05
6,540 Adaptive Multi-Stage Distance Join Processing 2000 SIGMOD 5.7523628e-05
6,579 Parallel Computation of Skyline and Reverse Skyline Queries Using MapReduce 2013 VLDB 5.7446105e-05
6,584 Efficient Search of Multidimensional B-Trees 1995 VLDB 5.7436357e-05
6,595 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7413481e-05
6,616 Two-dimensional Substring Indexing 2001 PODS 5.7330951e-05
6,663 Range Search over Encrypted Multi-Attribute Data 2023 VLDB 5.7166181e-05
6,730 Trajectory Similarity Measurement: An Efficiency Perspective 2024 VLDB 5.6939772e-05
6,756 Marrying Top-k with Skyline Queries: Relaxing the Preference Input while Producing Output of Controllable Size 2021 SIGMOD 5.6900378e-05
6,778 AGILE: Adaptive Indexing for Context-Aware Information Filters 2005 SIGMOD 5.684432e-05
6,790 An Incremental Hausdorff Distance Calculation Algorithm 2011 VLDB 5.6812765e-05
6,903 Discovering Longest-lasting Correlation in Sequence Databases 2013 VLDB 5.651111e-05
6,919 GTI: Graph-based Tree Index with Logarithm Updates for Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2025 VLDB 5.644237e-05
6,943 Indexing the Edges – A simple and yet efficient approach to high-dimensional indexing 2000 PODS 5.6380615e-05
6,971 Global Immutable Region Computation 2014 SIGMOD 5.6308579e-05
7,023 A New Method for Similarity Indexing of Market Basket Data 1999 SIGMOD 5.6186604e-05
7,026 Real-time Distributed Co-Movement Pattern Detection on Streaming Trajectories 2019 VLDB 5.6180637e-05
7,215 Indexing Methods for Moving Object Databases: Games and Other Applications 2013 SIGMOD 5.5837763e-05
7,289 Continuous Obstructed Nearest Neighbor Queries in Spatial Databases 2009 SIGMOD 5.5652691e-05
7,303 Theoretically Optimal and Empirically Efficient R-trees with Strong Parallelizability 2018 VLDB 5.5598057e-05
7,482 OBIR-tree: An Efficient Oblivious Index for Spatial Keyword Queries on Secure Enclaves 2025 SIGMOD 5.5128501e-05
7,494 Boosting Spatial Pruning: On Optimal Pruning of MBRs 2010 SIGMOD 5.5095043e-05
7,519 Comparing Synopsis Techniques for Approximate Spatial Data Analysis 2019 VLDB 5.502959e-05
7,541 Scaling and Time Warping in Time Series Querying 2005 VLDB 5.4988401e-05
7,593 DEG: Efficient Hybrid Vector Search Using the Dynamic Edge Navigation Graph 2025 SIGMOD 5.4880197e-05
7,692 An Open Abstract-Object Storage System 1996 SIGMOD 5.4770817e-05
7,723 Efficient Computation of Top-k Frequent Terms over Spatio-temporal Ranges 2017 SIGMOD 5.4675199e-05
7,788 K-Anonymization as Spatial Indexing: Toward Scalable and Incremental Anonymization 2007 VLDB 5.4526034e-05
7,856 Similarity Search on Bregman Divergence: Towards Non-Metric Indexing 2009 VLDB 5.4399688e-05
7,863 Optimizing Probabilistic Query Processing on Continuous Uncertain Data 2011 VLDB 5.4367962e-05
7,904 Processing and Optimization of Multiway Spatial Joins Using R-trees 1999 PODS 5.4295914e-05
8,032 VecFlow: A High-Performance Vector Data Management System for Filtered-Search on GPUs 2026 SIGMOD 5.4035152e-05
8,107 A Trajectory Splitting Model for Efficient Spatio-Temporal Indexing 2005 VLDB 5.3942942e-05
8,179 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.3826446e-05
8,196 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.3794981e-05
8,225 Raster Intervals: An Approximation Technique for Polygon Intersection Joins 2023 SIGMOD 5.3742569e-05
8,306 Wolverine: Highly Efficient Monotonic Search Path Repair for Graph-based ANN Index Updates 2025 VLDB 5.3583322e-05
8,369 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.3450708e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.001992968
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.00031645463
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