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Multi-Core, Main-Memory Joins: Sort vs. Hash Revisited

Summary: Empirical re-evaluation of in-memory, multi-core joins comparing sort-merge (NUMA-aware) and radix-hash. Radix-hash remains superior; sort-merge only matches it at very large data volumes; fastest implementations and hardware-conscious guidance are provided. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
10962
Venue
VLDB
Year
2014
Pagerank
0.00024143076
Overall Rank
404 | 97.20%
DOI
-

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 31 of 81 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
7,836 NOCAP: Near-Optimal Correlation-Aware Partitioning Joins 2023 SIGMOD 4.6380835e-05
8,018 Parallelizing Intra-Window Join on Multicores: An Experimental Study 2021 SIGMOD 4.6046381e-05
8,051 Building Advanced SQL Analytics From Low-Level Plan Operators 2021 SIGMOD 4.5969549e-05
8,219 Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index 2023 SIGMOD 4.5565914e-05
8,417 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 4.5194164e-05
8,432 SPRINTER: A Fast n-ary Join Query Processing Method for Complex OLAP Queries 2020 SIGMOD 4.5153924e-05
8,468 Inferray: fast in-memory RDF inference 2016 VLDB 4.504284e-05
8,478 Analyzing Vectorized Hash Tables Across CPU Architectures 2023 VLDB 4.5015937e-05
8,514 UPLIFT: Parallelization Strategies for Feature Transformations in Machine Learning Workloads 2022 VLDB 4.4944285e-05
8,626 Adaptive Code Generation for Data-Intensive Analytics 2021 VLDB 4.4829152e-05
8,720 Entropy-Learned Hashing: Constant Time Hashing with Controllable Uniformity 2022 SIGMOD 4.4609699e-05
8,855 A Design Space Exploration and Evaluation for Main-Memory Hash Joins in Storage Class Memory 2023 VLDB 4.4348906e-05
8,927 An Application-Specific Instruction Set for Accelerating Set-Oriented Database Primitives 2014 SIGMOD 4.427232e-05
9,070 How to Stop Under-Utilization and Love Multicores 2014 SIGMOD 4.4031183e-05
9,142 Design and Analysis of a Processing-in-DIMM Join Algorithm: A Case Study with UPMEM DIMMs 2023 SIGMOD 4.3853149e-05
9,299 Engineering High-Performance Database Engines 2014 VLDB 4.3587894e-05
9,823 Thriving in the No Man’s Land between Compilers and Databases 2019 CIDR 4.2754485e-05
9,838 Efficiently Joining Large Relations on Multi-GPU Systems 2025 VLDB 4.2740344e-05
9,925 GPH: An Efficient and Effective Perfect Hashing Scheme for GPU Architectures 2025 SIGMOD 4.2543961e-05
10,121 TQEx: Tensor-based Query Engine Enhanced by Bridging the Gap 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,190 P-MOSS: Scheduling Main-Memory Indexes Over NUMA Servers Using Next Token Prediction 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,494 Nested Parquet Is Flat, Why Not Use It? How To Scan Nested Data With On-the-Fly Key Generation and Joins 2025 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,981 Enabling Adaptive Sampling for Intra-Window Join: Simultaneously Optimizing Quantity and Quality 2024 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,993 SPID-Join: A Skew-resistant Processing-in-DIMM Join Algorithm Exploiting the Bank- and Rank-level Parallelisms of DIMMs 2024 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,142 Cache-Efficient Top-k Aggregation over High Cardinality Large Datasets 2024 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,237 Cracking-Like Join for Trusted Execution Environments 2023 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
11,358 Scaling Equi-Joins 2022 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,708 RAPID: In-Memory Analytical Query Processing Engine with Extreme Performance per Watt 2018 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,832 A Study of Sorting Algorithms on Approximate Memory 2016 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,843 Efficient Query Processing on Many-core Architectures: A Case Study with Intel Xeon Phi Processor 2016 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
11,972 Palette: Enabling Scalable Analytics for Big-Memory, Multicore Machines 2014 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
20 GAMMA - A High Performance Dataflow Database Machine 1986 VLDB 0.00086459551
30 Hashing Methods and Relational Algebra Operations 1984 VLDB 0.00078672446
81 Cache Conscious Algorithms for Relational Query Processing 1994 VLDB 0.00055548574
232 A Performance Evaluation of Four Parallel Join Algorithms in a Shared-Nothing Multiprocessor Environment 1989 SIGMOD 0.00032122485
351 Sort vs. Hash Revisited: Fast Join Implementation on Modern Multi-Core CPUs 2009 VLDB 0.0002636504
520 An Overview of The System Software of A Parallel Relational Database Machine GRACE 1986 VLDB 0.00021152636
540 Design and Evaluation of Main Memory Hash Join Algorithms for Multi-core CPUs 2011 SIGMOD 0.0002063443
585 Massively Parallel Sort-Merge Joins in Main Memory Multi-Core Database Systems 2012 VLDB 0.00019706145
930 Fast Sort on CPUs and GPUs: A Case for Bandwidth Oblivious SIMD Sort 2010 SIGMOD 0.00015238545
946 Efficient Implementation of Sorting on Multi-Core SIMD CPU Architecture 2008 VLDB 0.0001513324
1,543 NUMA-aware algorithms: the case of data shuffling 2013 CIDR 0.0001145318
1,760 CellSort: High Performance Sorting on the Cell Processor 2007 VLDB 0.00010651836
3,655 CloudRAMSort: Fast and Efficient Large-Scale Distributed RAM Sort on Shared-Nothing Cluster 2012 SIGMOD 6.8718304e-05
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Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,855 A Design Space Exploration and Evaluation for Main-Memory Hash Joins in Storage Class Memory 2023 VLDB 4.4348906e-05
78 Multiprocessor Hash-Based Join Algorithms 1985 VLDB 0.00056413752
1,804 An Experimental Comparison of Thirteen Relational Equi-Joins in Main Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010501185
2,619 Hash-Based Join Algorithms for Multiprocessor Computers with Shared Memory 1990 VLDB 8.4431973e-05
232 A Performance Evaluation of Four Parallel Join Algorithms in a Shared-Nothing Multiprocessor Environment 1989 SIGMOD 0.00032122485
3,443 Distributed Join Algorithms on Thousands of Cores 2017 VLDB 7.0887214e-05
2,640 Design and Evaluation of Parallel Pipelined Join Algorithms 1987 SIGMOD 8.3924401e-05
585 Massively Parallel Sort-Merge Joins in Main Memory Multi-Core Database Systems 2012 VLDB 0.00019706145
540 Design and Evaluation of Main Memory Hash Join Algorithms for Multi-core CPUs 2011 SIGMOD 0.0002063443
351 Sort vs. Hash Revisited: Fast Join Implementation on Modern Multi-Core CPUs 2009 VLDB 0.0002636504