Froid: Optimization of Imperative Programs in a Relational Database
Summary: Automatically rewrites UDFs into relational algebra expressions embedded in SQL, enabling cost-based optimization of imperative code. Froid is extensible, brings compiler-style optimizations to UDFs, and yields set-oriented, parallel plans with orders-of-magnitude speedups. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Authors
- 1. Karthik Ramachandra (Microsoft)
- 2. Kwanghyun Park (Microsoft)
- 3. K. Venkatesh Emani (Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai)
- 4. Alan Halverson (Microsoft)
- 5. César Galindo-Legaria (Microsoft)
- 6. Conor Cunningham (Microsoft)
BibTeX Citation
@article{ramachandra_vldb18,
title = {{Froid: Optimization of Imperative Programs in a Relational Database}},
author = {Ramachandra, Karthik and Park, Kwanghyun and Emani, K. Venkatesh and Halverson, Alan and Galindo-Legaria, César and Cunningham, Conor},
journal = {PVLDB},
series = {{VLDB} '18},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {432--444},
doi = {10.1145/3164135.3164140},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3164135.3164140},
year = {2018}
}Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 46 of 46 citing papers.
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 38 | Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine | 2013 | SIGMOD | 0.00047648573 |
| 95 | Of Nests and Trees: A Unified Approach to Processing Queries That Contain Nested Subqueries, Aggregates, and Quantifiers | 1987 | VLDB | 0.00034607909 |
| 129 | Optimization of Nested SQL Queries Revisited | 1987 | SIGMOD | 0.0003068101 |
| 543 | Orthogonal Optimization of Subqueries and Aggregation | 2001 | SIGMOD | 0.0001682612 |
| 1,362 | Execution Strategies for SQL Subqueries | 2007 | SIGMOD | 0.00011032204 |
| 2,930 | StatusQuo: Making Familiar Abstractions Perform Using Program Analysis | 2013 | CIDR | 7.9494635e-05 |
| 2,939 | Extracting Equivalent SQL from Imperative Code in Database Applications | 2016 | SIGMOD | 7.9395908e-05 |
| 7,297 | DBridge: Translating Imperative Code to SQL | 2017 | SIGMOD | 5.6525237e-05 |
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| 1 | 3,945 | Exploiting Correlations for Expensive Predicate Evaluation | 2015 | SIGMOD |
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| 3 | 7,137 | Rule-Based Translation of Relational Queries into Iterative Programs | 1986 | SIGMOD |
| 4 | 8,096 | Efficient Execution of User-Defined Functions in SQL Queries | 2023 | VLDB |
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| 6 | 9,917 | The UDFBench Benchmark for General-purpose UDF Queries | 2025 | VLDB |
| 7 | 6,328 | Functional-Style SQL UDFs With a Capital 'F' | 2020 | SIGMOD |
| 8 | 10,040 | SQL Engines Excel at the Execution of Imperative Programs | 2024 | VLDB |
| 9 | 2,939 | Extracting Equivalent SQL from Imperative Code in Database Applications | 2016 | SIGMOD |
| 10 | 4,180 | BlackMagic: Automatic Inlining of Scalar UDFs into SQL Queries with Froid | 2019 | VLDB |