Indexing on Modern Hardware: Hekaton and Beyond

Summary: Bw-tree: a latch-free B-tree index for multi-core, in-memory OLTP and log-structured storage; updates are deltas installed via CAS to avoid in-place writes. Used inside Hekaton and as a standalone K/V store, it delivers up to 19x BerkeleyDB and 3x in-memory skiplists. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 4905
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2014
Pagerank: 6.9463933e-05
Overall Rank: 4,030 | 72.36%
DOI: 10.1145/2588555.2594536

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Justin Levandoski (Microsoft)
2. David Lomet (Microsoft)
3. Adrian Birka (Microsoft)
4. Sudipta Sengupta (Microsoft)
5. Cristian Diaconu (Microsoft)

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{levandoski_sigmod14,
        title = {{Indexing on Modern Hardware: Hekaton and Beyond}},
        author = {Levandoski, Justin and Lomet, David and Birka, Adrian and Sengupta, Sudipta and Diaconu, Cristian},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '14},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/2588555.2594536},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2588555.2594536},
        year = {2014}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 5 of 5 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
964	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.00012934147
1,368	Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory	2020	VLDB	0.00011003184
1,390	Building a Bw-Tree Takes More Than Just Buzz Words	2018	SIGMOD	0.00010942775
8,889	Provenance-based Data Skipping	2022	VLDB	5.3512428e-05
11,696	Achieving High Throughput and Elasticity in a Larger-than-Memory Store	2021	VLDB	5.093636e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 6 of 6 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
38	Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine	2013	SIGMOD	0.00047648573
109	DBMSs On A Modern Processor: Where Does Time Go?	1999	VLDB	0.000331207
1,000	Unbundling Transaction Services in the Cloud	2009	CIDR	0.000127281
1,461	LLAMA: A Cache/Storage Subsystem for Modern Hardware	2013	VLDB	0.00010703712
1,677	SkimpyStash: RAM Space Skimpy Key-Value Store on Flash-based Storage	2011	SIGMOD	0.00010032149
2,903	Deuteronomy: Transaction Support for Cloud Data	2011	CIDR	7.9761235e-05

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#	Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue
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5	1,813	Main-Memory Index Structures with Fixed-Size Partial Keys	2001	SIGMOD
6	8,641	Automatic Workload Driven Index Defragmentation	2011	VLDB
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8	38	Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine	2013	SIGMOD
9	3,256	To Lock, Swap, or Elide: On the Interplay of Hardware Transactional Memory and Lock-Free Indexing	2015	VLDB
10	1,390	Building a Bw-Tree Takes More Than Just Buzz Words	2018	SIGMOD