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BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory

Summary: BzTree is a latch-free NVM-resident B-tree built around persistent multi-word CAS, simplifying concurrent updates while outperforming Bw-tree by up to 2×. Crash recovery requires only rolling back/forward in-flight operations (~145 μs), with one implementation spanning RAM and NVM. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
11953
Venue
VLDB
Year
2018
Pagerank
0.0001303916
Overall Rank
948 | 93.50%
DOI
10.1145/3164135.3164147

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{arulraj_vldb18,
        title = {{BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory}},
        author = {Arulraj, Joy and Levandoski, Justin and Minhas, Umar Farooq and Larson, Per-Ake},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '18},
        volume = {11},
        number = {5},
        pages = {553--565},
        doi = {10.1145/3164135.3164147},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3164135.3164147},
        year = {2018}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 37 of 37 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,258 Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011438197
1,368 Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 0.00011003184
1,823 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB 9.6739945e-05
2,246 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 8.8734154e-05
2,707 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.2279594e-05
2,767 Exploiting Coroutines to Attack the "Killer Nanoseconds" 2018 VLDB 8.1507611e-05
2,910 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9700885e-05
3,647 Maximizing Persistent Memory Bandwidth Utilization for OLAP Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 7.2271935e-05
4,276 DINOMO: An Elastic, Scalable, High-Performance Key-Value Store for Disaggregated Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 6.7877967e-05
4,578 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.6210545e-05
4,682 Persistent Memory Hash Indexes: An Experimental Evaluation 2021 VLDB 6.5651164e-05
4,763 Rethinking Logging, Checkpoints, and Recovery for High-Performance Storage Engines 2020 SIGMOD 6.519206e-05
5,683 SSDs Striking Back: The Storage Jungle and Its Implications on Persistent Indexes 2022 CIDR 6.1232842e-05
5,954 When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories 2023 SIGMOD 6.0292226e-05
5,993 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB 6.0158662e-05
6,086 Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table 2022 VLDB 5.9817424e-05
6,105 Optimizing In-memory Database Engine for AI-powered On-line Decision Augmentation Using Persistent Memory 2021 VLDB 5.9743349e-05
6,397 Halo: A Hybrid PMem-DRAM Persistent Hash Index with Fast Recovery 2022 SIGMOD 5.8869998e-05
6,733 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.7880281e-05
6,742 Bf-Tree: A Modern Read-Write-Optimized Concurrent Larger-Than-Memory Range Index 2024 VLDB 5.7862414e-05
6,776 X-SSD: A Storage System with Native Support for Database Logging and Replication 2022 SIGMOD 5.777467e-05
6,859 Zen: a High-Throughput Log-Free OLTP Engine for Non-Volatile Main Memory 2021 VLDB 5.7520461e-05
7,883 PiBench Online: Interactive Benchmarking of Persistent Memory Indexes 2020 VLDB 5.5234705e-05
8,016 Two is Better Than One: The Case for 2-Tree for Skewed Data Sets 2023 CIDR 5.5070057e-05
8,082 Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index 2023 SIGMOD 5.4915503e-05
8,167 DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems 2024 VLDB 5.4745703e-05
8,474 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 5.4172941e-05
8,579 Cost Modelling for Optimal Data Placement in Heterogeneous Main Memory 2022 VLDB 5.4087323e-05
8,963 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 5.3435901e-05
9,151 Tair-PMem: A Fully Durable Non-Volatile Memory Database 2022 VLDB 5.3133586e-05
9,547 Tabular: Efficiently Building Efficient Indexes 2025 VLDB 5.2528121e-05
9,891 GTX: A Write-Optimized Latch-free Graph Data System with Transactional Support 2025 SIGMOD 5.1997534e-05
10,011 Sage: Parallel Semi-Asymmetric Graph Algorithms for NVRAMs 2020 VLDB 5.1772034e-05
10,093 AB-tree: Index for Concurrent Random Sampling and Updates 2022 VLDB 5.1530576e-05
10,197 ART That Lasts: Persistent Multiversion Adaptive Radix Trees with Fast Atomic Range Queries 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,568 Operation-Aware Hybrid Locking for Modern In-Memory Indexes 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,218 Breathing New Life into An Old Tree: Resolving Logging Dilemma of B+-tree on Modern Computational Storage Drives 2024 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 7 of 7 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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