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Spruce: A Fast yet Space-saving Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage
Summary: Spruce is an in-memory dynamic-graph store with a vEB-inspired multilevel structure that shares vertex prefixes to reduce space. Read-optimized concurrency enables fast updates with 2.4x ingestion and 38% memory savings vs top competitors, analytics on par.
(summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 6836
- Venue
- SIGMOD
- Year
- 2024
- Pagerank
- 5.302174e-05
- Overall Rank
- 5,847 | 59.33%
- DOI
-
10.1145/3639282
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 9 of 9 citing papers.
| Rank |
Citing Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 7,694 |
LSMGraph: A High-Performance Dynamic Graph Storage System with Multi-Level CSR |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.6757592e-05 |
| 9,650 |
Dynamic Graph Databases with Out-of-order Updates |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.3109001e-05 |
| 9,745 |
GTX: A Write-Optimized Latch-free Graph Data System with Transactional Support |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.2897489e-05 |
| 10,161 |
Enabling Efficient Direct Update on Rule-Based Compressed Graph |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,200 |
RadixGraph: A Fast, Space-Optimized Data Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,367 |
Aster: Enhancing LSM-structures for Scalable Graph Database |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,426 |
Catching up with Disorder: Dynamic Graphs with Out-of-Order Updates |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,558 |
BACH: Bridging Adjacency List and CSR Format using LSM-Trees for HGTAP Workloads |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,688 |
RapidStore: An Efficient Dynamic Graph Storage System for Concurrent Queries |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 238 |
Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory |
1999 |
VLDB |
0.00031642425 |
| 281 |
LinkBench: a Database Benchmark Based on the Facebook Social Graph |
2013 |
SIGMOD |
0.0002906793 |
| 1,087 |
HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00014162909 |
| 1,426 |
LiveGraph: A Transactional Graph Storage System with Purely Sequential Adjacency List Scans |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00012050977 |
| 1,913 |
BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing |
2014 |
VLDB |
0.00010113937 |
| 2,130 |
SQLGraph: An Efficient Relational-Based Property Graph Store |
2015 |
SIGMOD |
9.4798556e-05 |
| 2,200 |
LDBC Graphalytics: A Benchmark for Large-Scale Graph Analysis on Parallel and Distributed Platforms |
2016 |
VLDB |
9.3075881e-05 |
| 2,905 |
Teseo and the Analysis of Structural Dynamic Graphs |
2021 |
VLDB |
7.9352789e-05 |
| 3,366 |
An Adaptive Packed-Memory Array |
2006 |
PODS |
7.1726818e-05 |
| 3,729 |
Sortledton: a Universal, Transactional Graph Data Structure |
2022 |
VLDB |
6.8133526e-05 |
| 4,096 |
RisGraph: A Real-Time Streaming System for Evolving Graphs to Support Sub-millisecond Per-update Analysis at Millions Ops/s |
2021 |
SIGMOD |
6.4555664e-05 |
| 4,236 |
Terrace: A Hierarchical Graph Container for Skewed Dynamic Graphs |
2021 |
SIGMOD |
6.3335374e-05 |
| 5,211 |
Tornado: A System For Real-Time Iterative Analysis Over Evolving Data |
2016 |
SIGMOD |
5.6284829e-05 |
| 7,308 |
Real Time Discovery of Dense Clusters in Highly Dynamic Graphs: Identifying Real World Events in Highly Dynamic Environments |
2012 |
VLDB |
4.7672834e-05 |
| 8,077 |
Hyperion: Building the Largest In-memory Search Tree |
2019 |
SIGMOD |
4.59165e-05 |
Semantically Similar Papers
| Overall Rank |
Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 2,905 |
Teseo and the Analysis of Structural Dynamic Graphs |
2021 |
VLDB |
7.9352789e-05 |
| 9,641 |
An Experimental Comparison of Tree-data Structures for Connectivity Queries on Fully-dynamic Undirected Graphs |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
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| 7,769 |
GraphZeppelin: Storage-Friendly Sketching for Connected Components on Dynamic Graph Streams |
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4.6562896e-05 |
| 10,985 |
Constant-time Connectivity Querying in Dynamic Graphs |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 3,146 |
Dynamic Spanning Trees for Connectivity Queries on Fully-dynamic Undirected Graphs |
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| 10,688 |
RapidStore: An Efficient Dynamic Graph Storage System for Concurrent Queries |
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Revisiting the Design of In-Memory Dynamic Graph Storage |
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SIGMOD |
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| 10,161 |
Enabling Efficient Direct Update on Rule-Based Compressed Graph |
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4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,200 |
RadixGraph: A Fast, Space-Optimized Data Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage |
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SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 7,694 |
LSMGraph: A High-Performance Dynamic Graph Storage System with Multi-Level CSR |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.6757592e-05 |