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Spruce: A Fast yet Space-saving Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage
Summary: Spruce is an in-memory dynamic-graph store with a vEB-inspired multilevel structure that shares vertex prefixes to reduce space. Read-optimized concurrency enables fast updates with 2.4x ingestion and 38% memory savings vs top competitors, analytics on par.
(summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 6837
- Venue
- SIGMOD
- Year
- 2024
- Pagerank
- 5.2970837e-05
- Overall Rank
- 5,857 | 59.30%
- DOI
-
10.1145/3639282
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 9 of 9 citing papers.
| Rank |
Citing Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 7,694 |
LSMGraph: A High-Performance Dynamic Graph Storage System with Multi-Level CSR |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.6712753e-05 |
| 9,651 |
Dynamic Graph Databases with Out-of-order Updates |
2024 |
VLDB |
4.3067693e-05 |
| 9,744 |
GTX: A Write-Optimized Latch-free Graph Data System with Transactional Support |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.2856385e-05 |
| 10,161 |
Enabling Efficient Direct Update on Rule-Based Compressed Graph |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1905499e-05 |
| 10,200 |
RadixGraph: A Fast, Space-Optimized Data Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1905499e-05 |
| 10,379 |
Aster: Enhancing LSM-structures for Scalable Graph Database |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.1905499e-05 |
| 10,436 |
Catching up with Disorder: Dynamic Graphs with Out-of-Order Updates |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.1905499e-05 |
| 10,567 |
BACH: Bridging Adjacency List and CSR Format using LSM-Trees for HGTAP Workloads |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1905499e-05 |
| 10,696 |
RapidStore: An Efficient Dynamic Graph Storage System for Concurrent Queries |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1905499e-05 |
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 240 |
Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory |
1999 |
VLDB |
0.00031526134 |
| 281 |
LinkBench: a Database Benchmark Based on the Facebook Social Graph |
2013 |
SIGMOD |
0.00029084275 |
| 1,085 |
HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00014173956 |
| 1,424 |
LiveGraph: A Transactional Graph Storage System with Purely Sequential Adjacency List Scans |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00012044472 |
| 1,909 |
BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing |
2014 |
VLDB |
0.00010123661 |
| 2,128 |
SQLGraph: An Efficient Relational-Based Property Graph Store |
2015 |
SIGMOD |
9.4804485e-05 |
| 2,201 |
LDBC Graphalytics: A Benchmark for Large-Scale Graph Analysis on Parallel and Distributed Platforms |
2016 |
VLDB |
9.3042485e-05 |
| 2,910 |
Teseo and the Analysis of Structural Dynamic Graphs |
2021 |
VLDB |
7.9276339e-05 |
| 3,365 |
An Adaptive Packed-Memory Array |
2006 |
PODS |
7.1675736e-05 |
| 3,733 |
Sortledton: a Universal, Transactional Graph Data Structure |
2022 |
VLDB |
6.8067988e-05 |
| 4,091 |
RisGraph: A Real-Time Streaming System for Evolving Graphs to Support Sub-millisecond Per-update Analysis at Millions Ops/s |
2021 |
SIGMOD |
6.4529617e-05 |
| 4,238 |
Terrace: A Hierarchical Graph Container for Skewed Dynamic Graphs |
2021 |
SIGMOD |
6.3274465e-05 |
| 5,215 |
Tornado: A System For Real-Time Iterative Analysis Over Evolving Data |
2016 |
SIGMOD |
5.6231911e-05 |
| 7,305 |
Real Time Discovery of Dense Clusters in Highly Dynamic Graphs: Identifying Real World Events in Highly Dynamic Environments |
2012 |
VLDB |
4.7627067e-05 |
| 8,080 |
Hyperion: Building the Largest In-memory Search Tree |
2019 |
SIGMOD |
4.5872476e-05 |
Semantically Similar Papers
| Overall Rank |
Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 2,910 |
Teseo and the Analysis of Structural Dynamic Graphs |
2021 |
VLDB |
7.9276339e-05 |
| 9,640 |
An Experimental Comparison of Tree-data Structures for Connectivity Queries on Fully-dynamic Undirected Graphs |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.3067693e-05 |
| 7,729 |
GraphZeppelin: Storage-Friendly Sketching for Connected Components on Dynamic Graph Streams |
2022 |
SIGMOD |
4.6614672e-05 |
| 10,988 |
Constant-time Connectivity Querying in Dynamic Graphs |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.1905499e-05 |
| 3,155 |
Dynamic Spanning Trees for Connectivity Queries on Fully-dynamic Undirected Graphs |
2022 |
VLDB |
7.4700348e-05 |
| 10,696 |
RapidStore: An Efficient Dynamic Graph Storage System for Concurrent Queries |
2025 |
VLDB |
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| 8,264 |
Revisiting the Design of In-Memory Dynamic Graph Storage |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.541321e-05 |
| 10,161 |
Enabling Efficient Direct Update on Rule-Based Compressed Graph |
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4.1905499e-05 |
| 10,200 |
RadixGraph: A Fast, Space-Optimized Data Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1905499e-05 |
| 7,694 |
LSMGraph: A High-Performance Dynamic Graph Storage System with Multi-Level CSR |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.6712753e-05 |