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Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines

Summary: Limousine is a self-designing key-value engine that morphs to near-optimal architecture for a workload by blending learned and classical data structures across clouds. A distribution-aware I/O model navigates a quindecillion design space to yield Pareto-optimal configs and auto-generates Rust, beating RocksDB/WiredTiger/FASTER/Cosine on YCSB by up to 1000x. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
6856
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2024
Pagerank
4.4829101e-05
Overall Rank
8,627 | 39.99%
DOI
10.1145/3639302

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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 36 of 36 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
102 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049545203
103 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00049150032
158 Automated Selection of Materialized Views and Indexes for SQL Databases 2000 VLDB 0.00040071492
183 Automatic Database Management System Tuning Through Large-scale Machine Learning 2017 SIGMOD 0.00036721403
209 Schism: a Workload-Driven Approach to Database Replication and Partitioning 2010 VLDB 0.00034468292
281 LinkBench: a Database Benchmark Based on the Facebook Social Graph 2013 SIGMOD 0.0002906793
286 Integrating Vertical and Horizontal Partitioning into Automated Physical Database Design 2004 SIGMOD 0.00028990057
424 Tuning Database Configuration Parameters with iTuned 2009 VLDB 0.00023616398
563 Tree Indexing on Solid State Drives 2010 VLDB 0.00020031827
609 Monkey: Optimal Navigable Key-Value Store 2017 SIGMOD 0.0001923446
679 Skew-Aware Automatic Database Partitioning in Shared-Nothing, Parallel OLTP Systems 2012 SIGMOD 0.00018215154
716 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017723171
826 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00016224841
857 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00015882892
899 Faster: A Concurrent Key-Value Store with In-Place Updates 2018 SIGMOD 0.00015509287
1,311 Dostoevsky: Better Space-Time Trade-Offs for LSM-Tree Based Key-Value Stores via Adaptive Removal of Superfluous Merging 2018 SIGMOD 0.00012657439
1,375 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00012303141
1,810 SQL Memory Management in Oracle9i 2002 VLDB 0.0001047003
2,004 X-Engine: An Optimized Storage Engine for Large-scale E-commerce Transaction Processing 2019 SIGMOD 9.811707e-05
2,109 The Log-Structured Merge-Bush & the Wacky Continuum 2019 SIGMOD 9.5318694e-05
2,130 SQLGraph: An Efficient Relational-Based Property Graph Store 2015 SIGMOD 9.4798556e-05
2,157 The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models 2018 SIGMOD 9.416022e-05
2,606 Design Continuums and the Path Toward Self-Designing Key-Value Stores that Know and Learn 2019 CIDR 8.4645832e-05
3,131 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 7.4985793e-05
3,386 Lethe: A Tunable Delete-Aware LSM Engine 2020 SIGMOD 7.1577103e-05
3,793 Constructing and Analyzing the LSM Compaction Design Space 2021 VLDB 6.7617833e-05
4,227 Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine 2022 VLDB 6.3434324e-05
4,590 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.0620053e-05
5,074 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 5.7175726e-05
5,308 Key-Value Storage Engines 2020 SIGMOD 5.576303e-05
5,356 LogKV: Exploiting Key-Value Stores for Event Log Processing 2013 CIDR 5.5509715e-05
5,791 Dissecting, Designing, and Optimizing LSM-based Data Stores 2022 SIGMOD 5.3268999e-05
6,113 Compactionary: A Dictionary for LSM Compactions 2022 SIGMOD 5.20426e-05
6,456 From Auto-tuning One Size Fits All to Self-designed and Learned Data-intensive Systems 2019 SIGMOD 5.0564619e-05
9,806 The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format 2024 SIGMOD 4.2805224e-05
9,819 Generating Application-Specific Data Layouts for In-memory Databases 2019 VLDB 4.2774401e-05
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