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Spruce: A Fast yet Space-saving Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage

Summary: Spruce is an in-memory dynamic-graph store with a vEB-inspired multilevel structure that shares vertex prefixes to reduce space. Read-optimized concurrency enables fast updates with 2.4x ingestion and 38% memory savings vs top competitors, analytics on par. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h7f430309fe2c1369
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2024
Pagerank
6.2872138e-05
Overall Rank
5,068 | 65.94%
DOI
10.1145/3639282

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{shi_sigmod24,
        title = {{Spruce: A Fast yet Space-saving Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage}},
        author = {Shi, Jifan and Wang, Biao and Xu, Yun},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '24},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3639282},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3639282},
        year = {2024}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
206 Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory 1999 VLDB 0.00024981343
236 LinkBench: a Database Benchmark Based on the Facebook Social Graph 2013 SIGMOD 0.00023664907
904 HOT: A Height Optimized Trie Index for Main-Memory Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013170142
1,281 LiveGraph: A Transactional Graph Storage System with Purely Sequential Adjacency List Scans 2020 VLDB 0.00011218311
1,486 LDBC Graphalytics: A Benchmark for Large-Scale Graph Analysis on Parallel and Distributed Platforms 2016 VLDB 0.00010517584
1,506 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.00010448376
1,601 SQLGraph: An Efficient Relational-Based Property Graph Store 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010107506
2,032 Teseo and the Analysis of Structural Dynamic Graphs 2021 VLDB 9.1549024e-05
2,961 Sortledton: a Universal, Transactional Graph Data Structure 2022 VLDB 7.8039167e-05
2,976 An Adaptive Packed-Memory Array 2006 PODS 7.7902411e-05
3,115 RisGraph: A Real-Time Streaming System for Evolving Graphs to Support Sub-millisecond Per-update Analysis at Millions Ops/s 2021 SIGMOD 7.6315625e-05
3,848 Terrace: A Hierarchical Graph Container for Skewed Dynamic Graphs 2021 SIGMOD 6.9798476e-05
4,781 Tornado: A System For Real-Time Iterative Analysis Over Evolving Data 2016 SIGMOD 6.4154314e-05
7,425 Real Time Discovery of Dense Clusters in Highly Dynamic Graphs: Identifying Real World Events in Highly Dynamic Environments 2012 VLDB 5.5296897e-05
8,179 Hyperion: Building the Largest In-memory Search Tree 2019 SIGMOD 5.3816264e-05
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