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The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles

Summary: R*-tree: joint optimization of area, margin, and overlap in inner nodes for rectangles and multidimensional points. Extensive experiments on a standardized testbed show it outperforms Guttman’s linear/quadratic R-trees and Greene’s variant across point/rectangle queries and map overlay, with efficient data support and only modest implementation cost. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hf9e5c18551cae259
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1990
Pagerank
0.0011386412
Overall Rank
4 | 99.98%
DOI
10.1145/93597.98741

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{beckmann_sigmod90,
        title = {{The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles}},
        author = {Beckmann, Norbert and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Schneider, Ralf and Seeger, Bernhard},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '90},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/93597.98741},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/93597.98741},
        year = {1990}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 282 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,952 Approximate NN Queries on Streams with Guaranteed Error/performance Bounds 2004 VLDB 7.8061763e-05
3,038 Efficient Method for Maximizing Bichromatic Reverse Nearest Neighbor 2009 VLDB 7.7084716e-05
3,044 A Revised R*-tree in Comparison with Related Index Structures 2009 SIGMOD 7.7045269e-05
3,054 Spatial Keyword Query Processing: An Experimental Evaluation 2013 VLDB 7.6909799e-05
3,070 Dynamic Density Based Clustering 2017 SIGMOD 7.6675081e-05
3,112 The DEDALE System for Complex Spatial Queries 1998 SIGMOD 7.6224727e-05
3,121 High-Concurrency Locking in R-Trees 1995 VLDB 7.6094637e-05
3,192 General Match: A Subsequence Matching Method in Time-Series Databases Based on Generalized Windows 2002 SIGMOD 7.5334132e-05
3,267 Quadtree and R-tree Indexes in Oracle Spatial: A Comparison using GIS Data 2002 SIGMOD 7.46539e-05
3,315 Fast Time-Series Searching with Scaling and Shifting 1999 PODS 7.4155055e-05
3,341 WALRUS: A Similarity Retrieval Algorithm for Image Databases 1999 SIGMOD 7.3884891e-05
3,342 FTW: Fast Similarity Search under the Time Warping Distance 2005 PODS 7.3874144e-05
3,354 Topological Relations in the World of Minimum Bounding Rectangles: A Study with R-trees 1995 SIGMOD 7.3666926e-05
3,475 Prediction and Indexing of Moving Objects with Unknown Motion Patterns 2004 SIGMOD 7.2559012e-05
3,646 Location-based Spatial Queries 2003 SIGMOD 7.1177166e-05
3,666 Time-Parameterized Queries in Spatio-Temporal Databases 2002 SIGMOD 7.0975312e-05
3,678 The Priority R-Tree: A Practically Efficient and Worst-Case Optimal R-Tree 2004 SIGMOD 7.0857938e-05
3,784 Efficient Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor Search in Arbitrary Metric Spaces 2006 SIGMOD 7.0012942e-05
3,836 RE-Tree: An Efficient Index Structure for Regular Expressions 2002 VLDB 6.9709019e-05
3,893 Fast Parallel Similarity Search in Multimedia Databases 1997 SIGMOD 6.9232481e-05
3,920 FALCON: Feedback Adaptive Loop for Content-Based Retrieval 2000 VLDB 6.906071e-05
4,105 Learning User Preferences By Adaptive Pairwise Comparison 2015 VLDB 6.7918403e-05
4,170 Analysis of n-dimensional Quadtrees Using the Hausdorff Fractal Dimension 1996 VLDB 6.7515441e-05
4,201 YADING: Fast Clustering of Large-Scale Time Series Data 2015 VLDB 6.7286195e-05
4,239 Spatial Partitioning Techniques in SpatialHadoop 2015 VLDB 6.7011937e-05
4,272 Retrieving Top-k Prestige-Based Relevant Spatial Web Objects 2010 VLDB 6.6759362e-05
4,350 Joining Interval Data in Relational Databases 2004 SIGMOD 6.6363233e-05
4,391 An Evaluation of Generic Bulk Loading Techniques 2001 VLDB 6.6093384e-05
4,578 Overlap Interval Partition Join 2014 SIGMOD 6.5107046e-05
4,685 Supporting Frequent Updates in R-Trees: A Bottom-Up Approach 2003 VLDB 6.4533027e-05
4,879 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.3567479e-05
4,954 Integration of Spatial Join Algorithms for Processing Multiple Inputs 1999 SIGMOD 6.3263552e-05
4,980 TOUCH: In-Memory Spatial Join by Hierarchical Data-Oriented Partitioning 2013 SIGMOD 6.3167773e-05
5,010 Indexing Large Human-Motion Databases 2004 VLDB 6.3030754e-05
5,084 The V*-Diagram: A Query-Dependent Approach to Moving KNN Queries 2008 VLDB 6.2674446e-05
5,292 Online Event-driven Subsequence Matching over Financial Data Streams 2004 SIGMOD 6.1783225e-05
5,335 Hercules Against Data Series Similarity Search 2022 VLDB 6.1613957e-05
5,350 Filter Trees for Managing Spatial Data Over a Range of Size Granularities 1996 VLDB 6.1545256e-05
5,526 DET-LSH: A Locality-Sensitive Hashing Scheme with Dynamic Encoding Tree for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2024 VLDB 6.0804398e-05
5,609 Efficient Computation of Temporal Aggregates with Range Predicates 2001 PODS 6.0504456e-05
5,633 A Topology-Aware Localized Update Strategy for Graph-Based ANN Index 2026 VLDB 6.039647e-05
5,737 Ranked Subsequence Matching in Time-Series Databases 2007 VLDB 5.9955855e-05
5,796 Consistent Query Answers in Inconsistent Probabilistic Databases 2010 SIGMOD 5.9752115e-05
5,878 A Benchmark for Evaluating Moving Object Indexes 2008 VLDB 5.9442479e-05
5,921 Benchmarking Spatial Join Operations with Spatial Output 1995 VLDB 5.9284908e-05
5,970 Improving Adaptable Similarity Query Processing by Using Approximations 1998 VLDB 5.9116326e-05
5,977 Spatial Indexing in Microsoft SQL Server 2008 2008 SIGMOD 5.9106575e-05
6,020 Clustering Techniques for Minimizing External Path Length 1996 VLDB 5.8934229e-05
6,034 The 3W Model and Algebra for Unified Data Mining 2000 VLDB 5.8906344e-05
6,040 Hierarchical Subspace Sampling: A Unified Framework for High Dimensional Data Reduction, Selectivity Estimation and Nearest Neighbor Search 2002 SIGMOD 5.8900832e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.0019892478
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.00031562001
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