F1: A Distributed SQL Database That Scales
Summary: F1 is a relational DB blending NoSQL scalability with SQL usability, built on Spanner for replication and strong consistency. Hierarchical schema and structured data mitigate latency; includes a distributed SQL engine and automatic change tracking. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Authors
- 1. Jeff Shute
- 2. Chad Whipkey
- 3. David Menestrina
- 4. Radek Vingralek
- 5. Bart Samwel
- 6. Ben Handy
- 7. Eric Rollins
- 8. Mircea Oancea
- 9. Kyle Littlefield
- 10. Stephan Ellner
- 11. John Cieslewicz
- 12. Traian Stancescu
- 13. Himani Apte
- 14. Ian Rae
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 1 of 51 citing papers.
| Rank | Citing Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12,003 | Datacenters as Computers: Google Engineering & Database Research Perspectives | 2014 | VLDB | 4.1945683e-05 |
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 6 of 6 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank | Cited Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels | 1995 | SIGMOD | 0.00083894938 |
| 189 | Megastore: Providing Scalable, Highly Available Storage for Interactive Services | 2011 | CIDR | 0.00035925334 |
| 890 | F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business | 2012 | SIGMOD | 0.00015570935 |
| 1,025 | WSQ/DSQ: A Practical Approach for Combined Querying of Databases and the Web* | 2000 | SIGMOD | 0.00014603741 |
| 3,073 | The O2 Object-Oriented Database System | 1992 | SIGMOD | 7.6110563e-05 |
| 4,055 | Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1 | 2013 | VLDB | 6.4910596e-05 |
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Semantically Similar Papers
| Overall Rank | Paper | Year | Venue | Pagerank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,957 | On the Design and Scalability of Distributed Shared-Data Databases | 2015 | SIGMOD | 9.9598319e-05 |
| 10,779 | FDBKeeper: Enabling Scalable Coordination Services for Metadata Management using Distributed Key-Value Databases | 2025 | VLDB | 4.1945683e-05 |
| 12,636 | Adaptive Distributed Query Processing | 2003 | VLDB | 4.1945683e-05 |
| 7,953 | Shasta: Interactive Reporting At Scale | 2016 | SIGMOD | 4.613363e-05 |
| 3,008 | FoundationDB: A Distributed Unbundled Transactional Key Value Store | 2021 | SIGMOD | 7.7239608e-05 |
| 1,015 | Spanner: Becoming a SQL System | 2017 | SIGMOD | 0.00014638696 |
| 3,768 | F1 Lightning: HTAP as a Service | 2020 | VLDB | 6.7782774e-05 |
| 4,055 | Online, Asynchronous Schema Change in F1 | 2013 | VLDB | 6.4910596e-05 |
| 3,355 | F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale | 2018 | VLDB | 7.1829142e-05 |
| 890 | F1 – The Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business | 2012 | SIGMOD | 0.00015570935 |