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MillWheel: Fault-Tolerant Stream Processing at Internet Scale

Summary: MillWheel is a Google-scale, low-latency stream-processing framework where users define computation graphs while the system manages persistent state, record flow, and fault tolerance. Its distinctive logical-time programming model simplifies time-based aggregation alongside scalable, resilient execution. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
10729
Venue
VLDB
Year
2013
Pagerank
0.00024130894
Overall Rank
224 | 98.47%
DOI
10.14778/2536222.2536229

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{akidau_vldb13,
        title = {{MillWheel: Fault-Tolerant Stream Processing at Internet Scale}},
        author = {Akidau, Tyler and Balikov, Alex and Bekiroğlu, Kaya and Chernyak, Slava and Haberman, Josh and Lax, Reuven and McVeety, Sam and Mills, Daniel and Nordstrom, Paul and Whittle, Sam},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '13},
        volume = {6},
        number = {11},
        pages = {1033--1044},
        doi = {10.14778/2536222.2536229},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2536222.2536229},
        year = {2013}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 66 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
220 Storm @Twitter 2014 SIGMOD 0.00024244587
361 The Dataflow Model: A Practical Approach to Balancing Correctness, Latency, and Cost in Massive-Scale, Unbounded, Out-of-Order Data Processing 2015 VLDB 0.00020138717
612 Twitter Heron: Stream Processing at Scale 2015 SIGMOD 0.0001573018
710 Trill: A High-Performance Incremental Query Processor for Diverse Analytics 2015 VLDB 0.00014715033
1,224 Dhalion: Self-Regulating Stream Processing in Heron 2017 VLDB 0.00011596911
1,389 Realtime Data Processing at Facebook 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010943767
1,422 State Management in Apache Flink: Consistent Stateful Distributed Stream Processing 2017 VLDB 0.00010823039
1,639 Summingbird: A Framework for Integrating Batch and Online MapReduce Computations 2014 VLDB 0.00010155021
1,895 Samza: Stateful Scalable Stream Processing at LinkedIn 2017 VLDB 9.5260291e-05
1,915 S-Store: Streaming Meets Transaction Processing 2015 VLDB 9.4884706e-05
2,663 Partial Results in Database Systems 2014 SIGMOD 8.2818137e-05
2,802 General Incremental Sliding-Window Aggregation 2015 VLDB 8.1093063e-05
2,868 SnappyData: A Unified Cluster for Streaming, Transactions, and Interactive Analytics 2017 CIDR 8.0156936e-05
3,060 SABER: Window-Based Hybrid Stream Processing for Heterogeneous Architectures 2016 SIGMOD 7.8062155e-05
3,087 How to Win a Hot Dog Eating Contest: Distributed Incremental View Maintenance with Batch Updates 2016 SIGMOD 7.7702906e-05
3,117 Chi: A Scalable and Programmable Control Plane for Distributed Stream Processing Systems 2018 VLDB 7.7382559e-05
3,306 Frontier: Resilient Edge Processing for the Internet of Things 2018 VLDB 7.5387095e-05
3,326 Timon: A Timestamped Event Database for Efficient Telemetry Data Processing and Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 7.5187553e-05
3,531 Megaphone: Latency-conscious state migration for distributed streaming dataflows 2019 VLDB 7.337549e-05
3,789 Husky: Towards a More Efficient and Expressive Distributed Computing Framework 2016 VLDB 7.1240627e-05
3,851 Analyzing Efficient Stream Processing on Modern Hardware 2019 VLDB 7.0735328e-05
4,278 Consistent Regions: Guaranteed Tuple Processing in IBM Streams 2016 VLDB 6.7871785e-05
4,279 Rhino: Efficient Management of Very Large Distributed State for Stream Processing Engines 2020 SIGMOD 6.7865878e-05
4,389 Consistency and Completeness: Rethinking Distributed Stream Processing in Apache Kafka 2021 SIGMOD 6.7304854e-05
4,686 Tornado: A System For Real-Time Iterative Analysis Over Evolving Data 2016 SIGMOD 6.5620646e-05
4,820 LightSaber: Efficient Window Aggregation on Multi-core Processors 2020 SIGMOD 6.493623e-05
4,907 One SQL to Rule Them All – an Efficient and Syntactically Idiomatic Approach to Management of Streams and Tables 2019 SIGMOD 6.4494002e-05
5,719 Optimal and General Out-of-Order Sliding-Window Aggregation 2019 VLDB 6.1094861e-05
5,756 Clonos: Consistent Causal Recovery for Highly-Available Streaming Dataflows 2021 SIGMOD 6.097233e-05
5,821 StreamOps: Cloud-Native Runtime Management for Streaming Services in ByteDance 2023 VLDB 6.07598e-05
6,045 Helios: Hyperscale Indexing for the Cloud & Edge 2020 VLDB 5.9957544e-05
6,108 Providing Streaming Joins as a Service at Facebook 2018 VLDB 5.9730511e-05
6,124 Pixida: Optimizing Data Parallel Jobs in Wide-Area Data Analytics 2016 VLDB 5.967889e-05
6,349 Grizzly: Efficient Stream Processing Through Adaptive Query Compilation 2020 SIGMOD 5.9049304e-05
6,502 Watermarks in Stream Processing Systems: Semantics and Comparative Analysis of Apache Flink and Google Cloud Dataflow 2021 VLDB 5.8604458e-05
6,680 Beyond Analytics: The Evolution of Stream Processing Systems 2020 SIGMOD 5.8049764e-05
6,868 Incremental Sliding Window Connectivity over Streaming Graphs 2024 VLDB 5.7501594e-05
7,194 Model-Free Control for Distributed Stream Data Processing using Deep Reinforcement Learning 2018 VLDB 5.6766532e-05
7,294 Hazelcast Jet: Low-latency Stream Processing at the 99.99th Percentile 2021 VLDB 5.6532162e-05
7,551 Enabling Efficient and General Subpopulation Analytics in Multidimensional Data Streams 2022 VLDB 5.6006414e-05
7,590 Ananke: A Streaming Framework for Live Forward Provenance 2021 VLDB 5.5904584e-05
7,709 Quill: Efficient, Transferable, and Rich Analytics at Scale 2016 VLDB 5.5628268e-05
7,814 Rethinking Stateful Stream Processing with RDMA 2022 SIGMOD 5.5389009e-05
8,571 Efficient Incrementialization of Correlated Nested Aggregate Queries using Relative Partial Aggregate Indexes (RPAI) 2022 SIGMOD 5.4102496e-05
8,916 Texera: A System for Collaborative and Interactive Data Analytics Using Workflows 2024 VLDB 5.3483178e-05
9,050 Streaming Democratized: Ease Across the Latency Spectrum with Delayed View Semantics and Snowflake Dynamic Tables 2025 SIGMOD 5.3251649e-05
9,064 What's the Difference? Incremental Processing with Change Queries in Snowflake 2023 SIGMOD 5.3251649e-05
9,336 Elasticutor: Rapid Elasticity for Realtime Stateful Stream Processing 2019 SIGMOD 5.2878276e-05
9,468 Disaggregated State Management in Apache Flink 2.0 2025 VLDB 5.2634238e-05
9,531 Shrink - Prescribing Resiliency Solutions for Streaming 2017 VLDB 5.2540895e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

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