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The Dataflow Model: A Practical Approach to Balancing Correctness, Latency, and Cost in Massive-Scale, Unbounded, Out-of-Order Data Processing

Summary: Introduces the Dataflow Model for massive-scale, unbounded, out-of-order streams, treating results as perpetually evolving rather than eventually complete. Exposes principled tradeoffs among event-time correctness, latency, and cost via watermarks, triggers, and retractions. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
11245
Venue
VLDB
Year
2015
Pagerank
0.00020138717
Overall Rank
361 | 97.53%
DOI
10.14778/2824032.2824076

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{akidau_vldb15,
        title = {{The Dataflow Model: A Practical Approach to Balancing Correctness, Latency, and Cost in Massive-Scale, Unbounded, Out-of-Order Data Processing}},
        author = {Akidau, Tyler and Bradshaw, Robert and Chambers, Craig and Chernyak, Slava and Fernández-Moctezuma, Rafael J. and Lax, Reuven and McVeety, Sam and Mills, Daniel and Perry, Frances and Schmidt, Eric and Whittle, Sam},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '15},
        volume = {8},
        number = {12},
        pages = {1792--1803},
        doi = {10.14778/2824032.2824076},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2824032.2824076},
        year = {2015}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 66 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,190 Structured Streaming: A Declarative API for Real-Time Applications in Apache Spark 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011743246
1,389 Realtime Data Processing at Facebook 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010943767
1,422 State Management in Apache Flink: Consistent Stateful Distributed Stream Processing 2017 VLDB 0.00010823039
1,895 Samza: Stateful Scalable Stream Processing at LinkedIn 2017 VLDB 9.5260291e-05
2,755 Lethe: A Tunable Delete-Aware LSM Engine 2020 SIGMOD 8.163097e-05
2,868 SnappyData: A Unified Cluster for Streaming, Transactions, and Interactive Analytics 2017 CIDR 8.0156936e-05
2,889 F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale 2018 VLDB 7.9935046e-05
3,117 Chi: A Scalable and Programmable Control Plane for Distributed Stream Processing Systems 2018 VLDB 7.7382559e-05
3,326 Timon: A Timestamped Event Database for Efficient Telemetry Data Processing and Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 7.5187553e-05
3,531 Megaphone: Latency-conscious state migration for distributed streaming dataflows 2019 VLDB 7.337549e-05
3,685 Parallel Algorithms for Constructing Range and Nearest-Neighbor Searching Data Structures 2016 PODS 7.2030591e-05
3,851 Analyzing Efficient Stream Processing on Modern Hardware 2019 VLDB 7.0735328e-05
4,279 Rhino: Efficient Management of Very Large Distributed State for Stream Processing Engines 2020 SIGMOD 6.7865878e-05
4,389 Consistency and Completeness: Rethinking Distributed Stream Processing in Apache Kafka 2021 SIGMOD 6.7304854e-05
4,820 LightSaber: Efficient Window Aggregation on Multi-core Processors 2020 SIGMOD 6.493623e-05
4,907 One SQL to Rule Them All – an Efficient and Syntactically Idiomatic Approach to Management of Streams and Tables 2019 SIGMOD 6.4494002e-05
5,539 TcpRT: Instrument and Diagnostic Analysis System for Service Quality of Cloud Databases at Massive Scale in Real-time 2018 SIGMOD 6.1817228e-05
5,719 Optimal and General Out-of-Order Sliding-Window Aggregation 2019 VLDB 6.1094861e-05
5,821 StreamOps: Cloud-Native Runtime Management for Streaming Services in ByteDance 2023 VLDB 6.07598e-05
6,045 Helios: Hyperscale Indexing for the Cloud & Edge 2020 VLDB 5.9957544e-05
6,108 Providing Streaming Joins as a Service at Facebook 2018 VLDB 5.9730511e-05
6,410 A Holistic View of Stream Partitioning Costs 2017 VLDB 5.884019e-05
6,482 AStream: Ad-hoc Shared Stream Processing 2019 SIGMOD 5.8668582e-05
6,502 Watermarks in Stream Processing Systems: Semantics and Comparative Analysis of Apache Flink and Google Cloud Dataflow 2021 VLDB 5.8604458e-05
6,680 Beyond Analytics: The Evolution of Stream Processing Systems 2020 SIGMOD 5.8049764e-05
7,200 Intermittent Query Processing 2019 VLDB 5.6756294e-05
7,294 Hazelcast Jet: Low-latency Stream Processing at the 99.99th Percentile 2021 VLDB 5.6532162e-05
7,515 CYADB: A Database that Covers Your Ask 2018 VLDB 5.6029996e-05
7,590 Ananke: A Streaming Framework for Live Forward Provenance 2021 VLDB 5.5904584e-05
7,709 Quill: Efficient, Transferable, and Rich Analytics at Scale 2016 VLDB 5.5628268e-05
7,814 Rethinking Stateful Stream Processing with RDMA 2022 SIGMOD 5.5389009e-05
8,110 Erebus: Explaining the Outputs of Data Streaming Queries 2023 VLDB 5.484341e-05
8,309 Spur: Mitigating Slow Instances in Large-Scale Streaming Pipelines 2020 SIGMOD 5.4560857e-05
8,494 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 5.4142129e-05
8,568 Prompt: Dynamic Data-Partitioning for Distributed Micro-batch Stream Processing Systems 2020 SIGMOD 5.4118703e-05
9,050 Streaming Democratized: Ease Across the Latency Spectrum with Delayed View Semantics and Snowflake Dynamic Tables 2025 SIGMOD 5.3251649e-05
9,128 Dalton: Learned Partitioning for Distributed Data Streams 2023 VLDB 5.3189314e-05
9,175 CrocodileDB in Action: Resource-Efficient Query Execution by Exploiting Time Slackness 2020 VLDB 5.3087332e-05
9,330 Differentially Private Stream Processing at Scale 2024 VLDB 5.2891952e-05
9,336 Elasticutor: Rapid Elasticity for Realtime Stateful Stream Processing 2019 SIGMOD 5.2878276e-05
9,468 Disaggregated State Management in Apache Flink 2.0 2025 VLDB 5.2634238e-05
9,555 Vortex: A Stream-oriented Storage Engine For Big Data Analytics 2024 SIGMOD 5.2528121e-05
9,738 GeaFlow: A Graph Extended and Accelerated Dataflow System 2023 SIGMOD 5.227679e-05
9,968 Railgun: managing large streaming windows under MAD requirements 2021 VLDB 5.1869874e-05
10,036 VStream: A Distributed Streaming Vector Search System 2025 VLDB 5.173224e-05
10,368 Enjima: A Resource-Adaptive Stream Processing System 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,472 Mixtera: A Data Plane for Foundation Model Training 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,547 Scarf: Self-Adaptive Tuning via Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Apache Flink 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,695 Oceanus: Enable SLO-Aware Vertical Autoscaling for Cloud-Native Streaming Services in Tencent 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,873 Unraveling the Impact of Window Semantics: Optimizing Join Order for Efficient Stream Processing 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

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