LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves

Summary: LMSFC learns a monotonic, data- and workload-adaptive space-filling curve to map multidimensional points to 1D, replacing fixed SFCs (e.g., z-order) to improve locality for learned indexes. Provides offline/online SFC optimization and outperforms prior methods. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 13106
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2023
Pagerank: 4.8541986e-05
Overall Rank: 7,042 | 51.02%
DOI: 10.14778/3603581.3603598

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 5 of 5 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
8,076	Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training	2024	VLDB	4.5917398e-05
8,948	One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting	2024	SIGMOD	4.423786e-05
10,312	A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,385	Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve	2025	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
11,136	Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves	2024	VLDB	4.1945683e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
2	R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching	1984	SIGMOD	0.0032169493
6	The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles	1990	SIGMOD	0.0016162015
24	The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index For Multi-Dimensional Objects	1987	VLDB	0.00083378538
102	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.00049545203
354	Hilbert R-tree: An Improved R-tree Using Fractals	1994	VLDB	0.00026137988
826	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016224841
857	The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds	2020	VLDB	0.00015882892
1,375	FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure	2019	SIGMOD	0.00012303141
1,460	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011887068
1,478	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011762542
1,611	Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011147324
1,703	Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation?	2021	VLDB	0.00010836769
1,889	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010200865
2,115	LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data	2020	SIGMOD	9.5257379e-05
2,502	Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel	2000	VLDB	8.6438339e-05
2,552	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5530411e-05
2,678	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.3252088e-05
5,572	The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data	2023	SIGMOD	5.4277273e-05

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Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
400	Multi-Probe LSH: Efficient Indexing for High-Dimensional Similarity Search	2007	VLDB	0.0002427237
2,678	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.3252088e-05
8,647	A Non-Linear Dimensionality-Reduction Technique for Fast Similarity Search in Large Databases	2006	SIGMOD	4.4768766e-05
1,460	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011887068
5,074	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7175726e-05
10,748	Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
10,180	LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces	2026	SIGMOD	4.1945683e-05
1,478	Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011762542
11,136	Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves	2024	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
8,405	Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves	2023	VLDB	4.5224126e-05