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Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes
Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems.
(summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 5792
- Venue
- SIGMOD
- Year
- 2020
- Pagerank
- 0.00011762542
- Overall Rank
- 1,478 | 89.72%
- DOI
-
10.1145/3318464.3380579
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 19 of 69 citing papers.
| Rank |
Citing Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 8,847 |
Towards Foundation Database Models |
2025 |
CIDR |
4.4371897e-05 |
| 9,052 |
RawVis: A System for Efficient In-situ Visual Analytics |
2021 |
SIGMOD |
4.4039656e-05 |
| 9,230 |
LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.3690661e-05 |
| 9,346 |
Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.3532026e-05 |
| 9,605 |
Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System |
2022 |
VLDB |
4.3177432e-05 |
| 9,767 |
Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent |
2023 |
VLDB |
4.2856106e-05 |
| 9,806 |
The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.2805224e-05 |
| 9,827 |
PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy |
2023 |
SIGMOD |
4.2751057e-05 |
| 9,852 |
Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.2714575e-05 |
| 9,917 |
Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes |
2023 |
VLDB |
4.2561557e-05 |
| 10,180 |
LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces |
2026 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,312 |
A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries |
2026 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,385 |
Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve |
2025 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,683 |
Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,748 |
Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices |
2025 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,949 |
SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 10,980 |
BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data |
2024 |
SIGMOD |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 11,276 |
Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity |
2023 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
| 11,504 |
LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search |
2021 |
VLDB |
4.1945683e-05 |
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 21 |
C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS |
2005 |
VLDB |
0.00086087497 |
| 32 |
Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases |
1976 |
SIGMOD |
0.00077486306 |
| 102 |
The Case for Learned Index Structures |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00049545203 |
| 237 |
An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server |
1997 |
VLDB |
0.00031726304 |
| 310 |
The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later |
2012 |
VLDB |
0.00028132402 |
| 408 |
Database Cracking |
2007 |
CIDR |
0.00023953844 |
| 647 |
Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure |
2001 |
SIGMOD |
0.00018668224 |
| 716 |
Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00017723171 |
| 801 |
SageDB: A Learned Database System |
2019 |
CIDR |
0.00016505496 |
| 826 |
ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00016224841 |
| 1,547 |
Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions |
2011 |
VLDB |
0.00011442359 |
| 1,737 |
QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.00010720294 |
| 2,157 |
The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
9.416022e-05 |
| 2,229 |
Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores |
2009 |
SIGMOD |
9.2350274e-05 |
| 2,502 |
Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel |
2000 |
VLDB |
8.6438339e-05 |
| 2,837 |
Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies |
2009 |
VLDB |
8.0414149e-05 |
| 2,865 |
Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations |
2019 |
SIGMOD |
7.9862595e-05 |
| 2,987 |
The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking |
2014 |
VLDB |
7.7787088e-05 |
| 5,021 |
Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes |
1988 |
SIGMOD |
5.7548311e-05 |
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| 5,337 |
Learned Index Benefits: Machine Learning Based Index Performance Estimation |
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Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent |
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