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The Dataflow Model: A Practical Approach to Balancing Correctness, Latency, and Cost in Massive-Scale, Unbounded, Out-of-Order Data Processing

Summary: Introduces the Dataflow Model for massive-scale, unbounded, out-of-order streams, treating results as perpetually evolving rather than eventually complete. Exposes principled tradeoffs among event-time correctness, latency, and cost via watermarks, triggers, and retractions. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h3eb25e9eb82dd88c
Venue
VLDB
Year
2015
Pagerank
0.00020964941
Overall Rank
325 | 97.82%
DOI
10.14778/2824032.2824076

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{akidau_vldb15,
        title = {{The Dataflow Model: A Practical Approach to Balancing Correctness, Latency, and Cost in Massive-Scale, Unbounded, Out-of-Order Data Processing}},
        author = {Akidau, Tyler and Bradshaw, Robert and Chambers, Craig and Chernyak, Slava and Fernández-Moctezuma, Rafael J. and Lax, Reuven and McVeety, Sam and Mills, Daniel and Perry, Frances and Schmidt, Eric and Whittle, Sam},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '15},
        volume = {8},
        number = {12},
        pages = {1792--1803},
        doi = {10.14778/2824032.2824076},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2824032.2824076},
        year = {2015}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 72 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,123 Structured Streaming: A Declarative API for Real-Time Applications in Apache Spark 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001193233
1,303 Realtime Data Processing at Facebook 2016 SIGMOD 0.0001110427
1,402 State Management in Apache Flink: Consistent Stateful Distributed Stream Processing 2017 VLDB 0.00010771949
1,771 Samza: Stateful Scalable Stream Processing at LinkedIn 2017 VLDB 9.6803752e-05
2,788 Lethe: A Tunable Delete-Aware LSM Engine 2020 SIGMOD 8.0133966e-05
2,873 SnappyData: A Unified Cluster for Streaming, Transactions, and Interactive Analytics 2017 CIDR 7.9225385e-05
2,915 F1 Query: Declarative Querying at Scale 2018 VLDB 7.8616593e-05
3,033 Chi: A Scalable and Programmable Control Plane for Distributed Stream Processing Systems 2018 VLDB 7.7337998e-05
3,382 Timon: A Timestamped Event Database for Efficient Telemetry Data Processing and Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 7.3559487e-05
3,398 Megaphone: Latency-conscious state migration for distributed streaming dataflows 2019 VLDB 7.3353479e-05
3,755 Parallel Algorithms for Constructing Range and Nearest-Neighbor Searching Data Structures 2016 PODS 7.0452836e-05
3,922 Analyzing Efficient Stream Processing on Modern Hardware 2019 VLDB 6.9229432e-05
4,109 Rhino: Efficient Management of Very Large Distributed State for Stream Processing Engines 2020 SIGMOD 6.8008755e-05
4,450 Consistency and Completeness: Rethinking Distributed Stream Processing in Apache Kafka 2021 SIGMOD 6.594912e-05
4,884 One SQL to Rule Them All – an Efficient and Syntactically Idiomatic Approach to Management of Streams and Tables 2019 SIGMOD 6.3710319e-05
4,918 LightSaber: Efficient Window Aggregation on Multi-core Processors 2020 SIGMOD 6.3548575e-05
5,650 TcpRT: Instrument and Diagnostic Analysis System for Service Quality of Cloud Databases at Massive Scale in Real-time 2018 SIGMOD 6.0521709e-05
5,843 Optimal and General Out-of-Order Sliding-Window Aggregation 2019 VLDB 5.9731599e-05
5,939 StreamOps: Cloud-Native Runtime Management for Streaming Services in ByteDance 2023 VLDB 5.9407099e-05
6,174 Helios: Hyperscale Indexing for the Cloud & Edge 2020 VLDB 5.8612829e-05
6,225 Providing Streaming Joins as a Service at Facebook 2018 VLDB 5.8455305e-05
6,266 Beyond Analytics: The Evolution of Stream Processing Systems 2020 SIGMOD 5.8303329e-05
6,541 A Holistic View of Stream Partitioning Costs 2017 VLDB 5.7523608e-05
6,599 AStream: Ad-hoc Shared Stream Processing 2019 SIGMOD 5.7404438e-05
6,620 Watermarks in Stream Processing Systems: Semantics and Comparative Analysis of Apache Flink and Google Cloud Dataflow 2021 VLDB 5.7315465e-05
6,787 Hazelcast Jet: Low-latency Stream Processing at the 99.99th Percentile 2021 VLDB 5.6820544e-05
6,796 Intermittent Query Processing 2019 VLDB 5.6803529e-05
7,319 Ananke: A Streaming Framework for Live Forward Provenance 2021 VLDB 5.5543783e-05
7,410 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 5.5342768e-05
7,661 CYADB: A Database that Covers Your Ask 2018 VLDB 5.4772833e-05
7,802 Erebus: Explaining the Outputs of Data Streaming Queries 2023 VLDB 5.4506419e-05
7,836 Quill: Efficient, Transferable, and Rich Analytics at Scale 2016 VLDB 5.4435399e-05
7,976 Rethinking Stateful Stream Processing with RDMA 2022 SIGMOD 5.4146123e-05
8,404 Spur: Mitigating Slow Instances in Large-Scale Streaming Pipelines 2020 SIGMOD 5.3385814e-05
8,678 Prompt: Dynamic Data-Partitioning for Distributed Micro-batch Stream Processing Systems 2020 SIGMOD 5.2907845e-05
8,849 VStream: A Distributed Streaming Vector Search System 2025 VLDB 5.2646236e-05
8,902 InvaliDB: Scalable Push-Based Real-Time Queries on Top of Pull-Based Databases (Extended) 2020 VLDB 5.2559789e-05
8,945 Differentially Private Stream Processing at Scale 2024 VLDB 5.253509e-05
9,200 Dalton: Learned Partitioning for Distributed Data Streams 2023 VLDB 5.2084806e-05
9,226 Streaming Democratized: Ease Across the Latency Spectrum with Delayed View Semantics and Snowflake Dynamic Tables 2025 SIGMOD 5.2056825e-05
9,320 CrocodileDB in Action: Resource-Efficient Query Execution by Exploiting Time Slackness 2020 VLDB 5.1946265e-05
9,471 Elasticutor: Rapid Elasticity for Realtime Stateful Stream Processing 2019 SIGMOD 5.1711628e-05
9,648 Disaggregated State Management in Apache Flink 2.0 2025 VLDB 5.1453267e-05
9,733 Vortex: A Stream-oriented Storage Engine For Big Data Analytics 2024 SIGMOD 5.1349531e-05
9,916 GeaFlow: A Graph Extended and Accelerated Dataflow System 2023 SIGMOD 5.1103839e-05
10,000 cedar: Optimized and Unified Machine Learning Input Data Pipelines 2025 VLDB 5.0979044e-05
10,158 Railgun: managing large streaming windows under MAD requirements 2021 VLDB 5.0706053e-05
10,566 Enjima: A Resource-Adaptive Stream Processing System 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,659 Mixtera: A Data Plane for Foundation Model Training 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,729 Scarf: Self-Adaptive Tuning via Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning for Apache Flink 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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