How to Write to SSDs

Summary: Shows DBMS-side out-of-place write redesign needed to exploit SSD I/O while preserving lifespan. Redesigns LeanStore (B-tree) with cross-layer write-amplification optimizations, improving OLTP throughput 1.65–2.24x and cutting flash writes 6.2–9.8x (YCSB-A), 2.45x on TPC-C 15k WH; supports ZNS/FDP. (summarized by gpt-5.4-mini on May 27 2026)

Paper ID: h849a545dc971def7
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2026
Pagerank: 4.9605343e-05
Overall Rank: 10,796 | 27.64%
DOI: 10.14778/3801059.3801063
PDF: Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

No non-self incoming citations found for this paper in this database.

Authors

1. Bohyun Lee (Technical University of Munich)
2. Tobias Ziegler (TigerBeetle)
3. Viktor Leis (Technical University of Munich)

BibTeX Citation

@article{lee_vldb26,
        title = {{How to Write to SSDs}},
        author = {Lee, Bohyun and Ziegler, Tobias and Leis, Viktor},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '26},
        volume = {19},
        number = {7},
        pages = {1469--1483},
        doi = {10.14778/3801059.3801063},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3801059.3801063},
        year = {2026}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 1 of 1 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
10,904	BtrLog: Low-Latency Logging for Cloud Database Systems	2026	VLDB	4.9605343e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
342	THE 5 MINUTE RULE FOR TRADING MEMORY FOR DISC ACCESSES and THE 10 BYTE RULE FOR TRADING MEMORY FOR CPU TIME	1987	SIGMOD	0.00020487166
438	Optimizing Space Amplification in RocksDB	2017	CIDR	0.00018259155
503	Design of Flash-Based DBMS: An In-Page Logging Approach	2007	SIGMOD	0.00017231771
1,770	Write-Optimized B-Trees	2004	VLDB	9.6795618e-05
2,780	Constructing and Analyzing the LSM Compaction Design Space	2021	VLDB	8.0073289e-05
2,882	Spooky: Granulating LSM-Tree Compactions Correctly	2022	VLDB	7.894356e-05
2,934	What Modern NVMe Storage Can Do, And How To Exploit It: High-Performance I/O for High-Performance Storage Engines	2023	VLDB	7.8265774e-05
3,249	TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage	2023	VLDB	7.4761584e-05
3,476	DBOS: A DBMS-oriented Operating System	2022	VLDB	7.2552418e-05
3,816	ScaleStore: A Fast and Cost-Efficient Storage Engine using DRAM, NVMe, and RDMA	2022	SIGMOD	6.9852219e-05
4,071	The Art of Latency Hiding in Modern Database Engines	2024	VLDB	6.8073218e-05
4,089	Virtual-Memory Assisted Buffer Management	2023	SIGMOD	6.7968217e-05
4,625	Not your Grandpa's SSD: The Era of Co-Designed Storage Devices	2021	SIGMOD	6.4806745e-05
4,759	Rethinking Logging, Checkpoints, and Recovery for High-Performance Storage Engines	2020	SIGMOD	6.420498e-05
4,777	SQLite: Past, Present, and Future	2022	VLDB	6.4075995e-05
5,014	Optimizing Databases by Learning Hidden Parameters of Solid State Drives	2020	VLDB	6.3025338e-05
5,042	2R: Efficiently Isolating Cold Pages in Flash Storages	2020	VLDB	6.2897371e-05
5,225	LeanStore: A High-Performance Storage Engine for NVMe SSDs	2024	VLDB	6.2100105e-05
5,274	Workload-Aware Storage Layout for Database Systems	2010	SIGMOD	6.187545e-05
5,750	Durable Write Cache in Flash Memory SSD for Relational and NoSQL Databases	2014	SIGMOD	5.9907271e-05
6,255	Toward a Better Understanding and Evaluation of Tree Structures on Flash SSDs	2021	VLDB	5.8165041e-05
6,500	Bf-Tree: A Modern Read-Write-Optimized Concurrent Larger-Than-Memory Range Index	2024	VLDB	5.7478171e-05
6,543	Contention and Space Management in B-Trees	2021	CIDR	5.733215e-05
6,850	When Database Meets New Storage Devices: Understanding and Exposing Performance Mismatches via Configurations	2023	VLDB	5.648482e-05
7,393	LRU-C: Parallelizing Database I/Os for Flash SSDs	2023	VLDB	5.5202899e-05
7,913	Write-Aware Timestamp Tracking: Effective and Efficient Page Replacement for Modern Hardware	2023	VLDB	5.4120001e-05
8,245	ArceKV: Towards Workload-driven LSM-compactions for Key-Value Store Under Dynamic Workloads	2026	VLDB	5.3556365e-05
8,876	Avoiding Read Stalls on Flash Storage	2022	SIGMOD	5.2452058e-05
8,912	Your Read is Our Priority in Flash Storage	2022	VLDB	5.236464e-05
9,162	Rethinking The Compaction Policies in LSM-trees	2025	SIGMOD	5.2035666e-05
9,467	FlashAlloc: Dedicating Flash Blocks By Objects	2023	VLDB	5.1589556e-05
11,172	Boosting OLTP Performance with Per-Page Logging on NVDIMM	2025	SIGMOD	4.9605343e-05
11,258	Moving on From Group Commit: Autonomous Commit Enables High Throughput and Low Latency on NVMe SSDs	2025	SIGMOD	4.9605343e-05
11,420	SSD-iq: Uncovering the Hidden Side of SSD Performance	2025	VLDB	4.9605343e-05
11,597	High-Performance Query Processing with NVMe Arrays: Spilling without Killing Performance	2024	SIGMOD	4.9605343e-05

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#	Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue
1	5,200	Hybrid Storage Management for Database Systems	2013	VLDB
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3	6,255	Toward a Better Understanding and Evaluation of Tree Structures on Flash SSDs	2021	VLDB
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