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Constructing and Analyzing the LSM Compaction Design Space

Summary: Formalizes the LSM-compaction design space via four primitives—trigger, data layout, granularity, and data movement policy—enabling synthesis of existing and novel strategies. Empirically evaluates 10 strategies, reports 12 observations and 7 takeaways to help DB researchers navigate tradeoffs in write/read amplification and space for LSM engines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h7b6b2562ee0ee159
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
8.0338932e-05
Overall Rank
2,771 | 81.38%
DOI
10.14778/3476249.3476274
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{sarkar_vldb21,
        title = {{Constructing and Analyzing the LSM Compaction Design Space}},
        author = {Sarkar, Subhadeep and Staratzis, Dimitris and Zhu, Zichen and Athanassoulis, Manos},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {11},
        pages = {2216--2229},
        doi = {10.14778/3476249.3476274},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3476249.3476274},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 27 of 27 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,868 Spooky: Granulating LSM-Tree Compactions Correctly 2022 VLDB 7.9205462e-05
3,480 Cosine: A Cloud-Cost Optimized Self-Designing Key-Value Storage Engine 2022 VLDB 7.2661848e-05
3,683 SplinterDB and Maplets: Improving the Tradeoffs in Key-Value Store Compaction Policy 2023 SIGMOD 7.0996633e-05
4,753 GRF: A Global Range Filter for LSM-Trees with Shape Encoding 2024 SIGMOD 6.4334982e-05
5,041 Dissecting, Designing, and Optimizing LSM-based Data Stores 2022 SIGMOD 6.2998284e-05
5,250 Endure: A Robust Tuning Paradigm for LSM Trees Under Workload Uncertainty 2022 VLDB 6.2092552e-05
5,879 Compactionary: A Dictionary for LSM Compactions 2022 SIGMOD 5.9587188e-05
6,123 Learning to Optimize LSM-trees: Towards A Reinforcement Learning based Key-Value Store for Dynamic Workloads 2023 SIGMOD 5.8771312e-05
7,909 CAMAL: Optimizing LSM-trees via Active Learning 2024 SIGMOD 5.4266123e-05
8,228 ArceKV: Towards Workload-driven LSM-compactions for Key-Value Store Under Dynamic Workloads 2026 VLDB 5.3734043e-05
8,619 Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines 2024 SIGMOD 5.3001199e-05
8,647 Mnemosyne: Dynamic Workload-Aware BF Tuning via Accurate Statistics in LSM trees 2025 SIGMOD 5.2947307e-05
9,010 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2371313e-05
9,029 AutoComp: Automated Data Compaction for Log-Structured Tables in Data Lakes 2025 SIGMOD 5.2325065e-05
9,065 BACH: Bridging Adjacency List and CSR Format using LSM-Trees for HGTAP Workloads 2025 VLDB 5.2270607e-05
9,091 MirrorKV: An Efficient Key-Value Store on Hybrid Cloud Storage with Balanced Performance of Compaction and Querying 2023 SIGMOD 5.2258409e-05
9,140 Rethinking The Compaction Policies in LSM-trees 2025 SIGMOD 5.2208299e-05
9,696 FluidKV: Seamlessly Bridging the Gap between Indexing Performance and Memory-Footprint on Ultra-Fast Storage 2024 VLDB 5.1380769e-05
9,715 Disco: A Compact Index for LSM-trees 2025 SIGMOD 5.1347559e-05
10,240 MaLT: A Framework for Managing Large Transactions in OceanBase 2025 SIGMOD 5.0524002e-05
10,663 Improving Range Scan Performance in LSM-trees with Group Caching 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,735 How to Write to SSDs 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,773 Swan: Hybrid MVCC Management for Efficient Transaction Processing in LSM-Tree-Based Key-Value Stores 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,830 Aker: Density-Aware Approximate Caching for Vector Search 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,009 TeXBench: A Unified Benchmarking Suite for Shifting Workloads 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,324 Meaningful Data Erasure in the Presence of Dependencies 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,592 On Reducing Space Amplification with Multi-Column Compaction in Apache IoTDB 2024 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 15 of 15 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

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