LeanStore: A High-Performance Storage Engine for NVMe SSDs

Summary: LeanStore: an OLTP storage engine that fully exploits multi‑NVMe SSDs and multi‑core CPUs, bridging disk- and memory‑centric DBMS designs. Paper details end‑to‑end architecture (caching, page replacement, I/O, indexing, sync, MVCC, logging, checkpoints, recovery) and low‑level NVMe implementation techniques for high performance. (summarized by gpt-5-mini on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: h73806395369016e5
Venue: VLDB
Year: 2024
Pagerank: 6.2207378e-05
Overall Rank: 5,221 | 64.91%
DOI: 10.14778/3685800.3685915
PDF: Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

1. Viktor Leis (Technical University of Munich)

BibTeX Citation

@article{leis_vldb24,
        title = {{LeanStore: A High-Performance Storage Engine for NVMe SSDs}},
        author = {Leis, Viktor},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '24},
        volume = {17},
        number = {12},
        pages = {4536--4545},
        doi = {10.14778/3685800.3685915},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3685800.3685915},
        year = {2024}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 12 of 12 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
6,562	RetroInfer: A Vector Storage Engine for Scalable Long-Context LLM Inference	2026	VLDB	5.7454973e-05
8,994	Resource-Adaptive Query Execution with Paged Memory Management	2025	CIDR	5.2408882e-05
9,954	OLTP Through the Looking Glass 16 Years Later: Communication is the New Bottleneck	2025	CIDR	5.1014161e-05
10,350	Replace or Augment: Rethinking the Role of Learned Indexes in Relational Databases	2027	VLDB	4.9769913e-05
10,372	Flexible I/O for Database Management Systems with xNVMe	2026	CIDR	4.9769913e-05
10,680	Predictive Translation: High-Performance Buffer Management Without the Trade-Offs	2026	SIGMOD	4.9769913e-05
10,735	How to Write to SSDs	2026	VLDB	4.9769913e-05
10,737	SIDLE: Tree-structure Aware Indexes for CXL-based Heterogeneous Memory	2026	VLDB	4.9769913e-05
10,773	Swan: Hybrid MVCC Management for Efficient Transaction Processing in LSM-Tree-Based Key-Value Stores	2026	VLDB	4.9769913e-05
10,875	Tux: Efficient Drop-in Networking for Database Systems	2026	VLDB	4.9769913e-05
11,044	HW-SW Co-Design for Databases in the Age of AI-for-Systems	2026	VLDB	4.9769913e-05
11,435	Sampling-based Predictive Database Buffer Management	2025	VLDB	4.9769913e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 44 of 44 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
35	Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine	2013	SIGMOD	0.00047996489
70	The End of an Architectural Era (It’s Time for a Complete Rewrite)	2007	VLDB	0.00037851432
157	OLTP Through the Looking Glass, and What We Found There	2008	SIGMOD	0.00028316479
170	High-Performance Concurrency Control Mechanisms for Main-Memory Databases	2012	VLDB	0.00027054001
212	The LRU-K Page Replacement Algorithm For Database Disk Buffering	1993	SIGMOD	0.00024758235
228	Fast Serializable Multi-Version Concurrency Control for Main-Memory Database Systems	2015	SIGMOD	0.00023915456
373	Umbra: A Disk-Based System with In-Memory Performance	2020	CIDR	0.00019705706
542	FOEDUS: OLTP Engine for a Thousand Cores and NVRAM	2015	SIGMOD	0.00016654017
613	Scalable Logging through Emerging Non-Volatile Memory	2014	VLDB	0.00015565961
729	Anti-Caching: A New Approach to Database Management System Architecture	2013	VLDB	0.00014417679
861	An Empirical Evaluation of In-Memory Multi-Version Concurrency Control	2017	VLDB	0.00013401147
960	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.0001283613
1,025	Aether: A Scalable Approach to Logging	2010	VLDB	0.00012422375
1,316	Building a Bw-Tree Takes More Than Just Buzz Words	2018	SIGMOD	0.00011046804
1,524	Trekking Through Siberia: Managing Cold Data in a Memory-Optimized Database	2014	VLDB	0.0001036095
1,716	Cache-Conscious Concurrency Control of Main-Memory Indexes on Shared-Memory Multiprocessor Systems	2001	VLDB	9.8041694e-05
2,291	In-Memory Performance for Big Data	2015	VLDB	8.6855592e-05
2,630	Hybrid Garbage Collection for Multi-Version Concurrency Control in SAP HANA	2016	SIGMOD	8.2008903e-05
2,875	Exploiting Directly-Attached NVMe Arrays in DBMS	2020	CIDR	7.916817e-05
2,921	What Modern NVMe Storage Can Do, And How To Exploit It: High-Performance I/O for High-Performance Storage Engines	2023	VLDB	7.8503064e-05
3,233	TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage	2023	VLDB	7.5008192e-05
4,094	Virtual-Memory Assisted Buffer Management	2023	SIGMOD	6.8094958e-05
4,166	Spitfire: A Three-Tier Buffer Manager for Volatile and Non-Volatile Memory	2021	SIGMOD	6.7635038e-05
4,243	The Art of Latency Hiding in Modern Database Engines	2024	VLDB	6.704668e-05
4,738	Rethinking Logging, Checkpoints, and Recovery for High-Performance Storage Engines	2020	SIGMOD	6.4417968e-05
5,161	Are You Sure You Want to Use MMAP in Your Database Management System?	2022	CIDR	6.2452792e-05
5,471	Rethink the Scan in MVCC Databases	2021	SIGMOD	6.1169194e-05
5,699	Long-lived Transactions Made Less Harmful	2020	SIGMOD	6.0291201e-05
5,755	SSDs Striking Back: The Storage Jungle and Its Implications on Persistent Indexes	2022	CIDR	6.0030957e-05
6,320	Scalable Database Logging for Multicores	2018	VLDB	5.8129998e-05
6,495	FineLine: Log-structured Transactional Storage and Recovery	2018	VLDB	5.7640595e-05
6,532	Contention and Space Management in B-Trees	2021	CIDR	5.7522354e-05
6,619	Everything is a Transaction: Unifying Logical Concurrency Control and Physical Data Structure Maintenance in Database Management Systems	2021	CIDR	5.7310081e-05
6,726	Memory-Optimized Multi-Version Concurrency Control for Disk-Based Database Systems	2022	VLDB	5.6953141e-05
6,880	Border-Collie: A Wait-free, Read-optimal Algorithm for Database Logging on Multicore Hardware	2019	SIGMOD	5.656238e-05
6,990	FASTER: An Embedded Concurrent Key-Value Store for State Management	2018	VLDB	5.6256457e-05
7,373	LRU-C: Parallelizing Database I/Os for Flash SSDs	2023	VLDB	5.5384669e-05
7,446	Scalable and Robust Snapshot Isolation for High-Performance Storage Engines	2023	VLDB	5.5227651e-05
7,905	Write-Aware Timestamp Tracking: Effective and Efficient Page Replacement for Modern Hardware	2023	VLDB	5.4277185e-05
7,963	Cloud-Native Database Systems and Unikernels: Reimagining OS Abstractions for Modern Hardware	2024	VLDB	5.414974e-05
8,075	Two is Better Than One: The Case for 2-Tree for Skewed Data Sets	2023	CIDR	5.3921263e-05
8,419	Towards Buffer Management with Tiered Main Memory	2024	SIGMOD	5.3328741e-05
8,855	Avoiding Read Stalls on Flash Storage	2022	SIGMOD	5.2624701e-05
9,188	One-shot Garbage Collection for In-memory OLTP through Temporality-aware Version Storage	2023	SIGMOD	5.2098993e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

#	Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue
1	6,832	When Database Meets New Storage Devices: Understanding and Exposing Performance Mismatches via Configurations	2023	VLDB
2	6,934	Breaking Down Memory Walls in LSM-based Storage Systems	2020	SIGMOD
3	9,598	NV-SQL: Boosting OLTP Performance with Non-Volatile DIMMs	2023	VLDB
4	1,283	Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems	2018	SIGMOD
5	4,738	Rethinking Logging, Checkpoints, and Recovery for High-Performance Storage Engines	2020	SIGMOD
6	3,827	ScaleStore: A Fast and Cost-Efficient Storage Engine using DRAM, NVMe, and RDMA	2022	SIGMOD
7	817	SlimDB: A Space-Efficient Key-Value Storage Engine For Semi-Sorted Data	2017	VLDB
8	2,921	What Modern NVMe Storage Can Do, And How To Exploit It: High-Performance I/O for High-Performance Storage Engines	2023	VLDB
9	3,233	TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage	2023	VLDB
10	10,735	How to Write to SSDs	2026	VLDB