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LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers

Summary: Introduces Local Outlier Factor (LOF), a density-based, local, continuous score for how isolated an object is relative to its neighborhood. Formal analysis shows key properties; experiments on real data show LOF detects meaningful outliers missed by binary methods and remains practical. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hd6c5cbc08ade60e1
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2000
Pagerank
0.00029095978
Overall Rank
143 | 99.05%
DOI
10.1145/342009.335388

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{breunig_sigmod00,
        title = {{LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers}},
        author = {Breunig, Markus M. and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Ng, Raymond T. and Sander, Jörg},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '00},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/342009.335388},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/342009.335388},
        year = {2000}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 62 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
578 Quality and Efficiency in High Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Search 2009 SIGMOD 0.00016079505
587 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00015900873
1,007 Anomaly Detection in Time Series: A Comprehensive Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012542496
1,548 Exathlon: A Benchmark for Explainable Anomaly Detection over Time Series 2021 VLDB 0.00010265663
1,636 SAND: Streaming Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2021 VLDB 9.9985086e-05
1,950 TSB-UAD: An End-to-End Benchmark Suite for Univariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 9.303437e-05
2,183 Efficient Processing of k Nearest Neighbor Joins using MapReduce 2012 VLDB 8.8973287e-05
2,364 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB 8.5549846e-05
2,388 Series2Graph: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection for Time Series 2020 VLDB 8.52352e-05
2,752 Uni-Detect: A Unified Approach to Automated Error Detection in Tables 2019 SIGMOD 8.0387193e-05
2,960 Auto-Detect: Data-Driven Error Detection in Tables 2018 SIGMOD 7.7967245e-05
3,048 Interactive Outlier Exploration in Big Data Streams 2014 VLDB 7.7012708e-05
3,311 Volume Under the Surface: A New Accuracy Evaluation Measure for Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 7.4166167e-05
3,734 Choose Wisely: An Extensive Evaluation of Model Selection for Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2023 VLDB 7.0434227e-05
4,123 AutoOD: Automatic Outlier Detection 2023 SIGMOD 6.780889e-05
4,317 Outlier Detection for High Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 6.6538797e-05
4,579 Scalable Kernel Density Classification via Threshold-Based Pruning 2017 SIGMOD 6.5103386e-05
4,702 A Demonstration of AutoOD: A Self-Tuning Anomaly Detection System 2022 VLDB 6.446361e-05
4,717 Debunking Four Long-Standing Misconceptions of Time-Series Distance Measures 2020 SIGMOD 6.4388287e-05
4,935 METER: A Dynamic Concept Adaptation Framework for Online Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 6.3343977e-05
4,992 Unsupervised Time Series Outlier Detection with Diversity-Driven Convolutional Ensembles 2022 VLDB 6.3115363e-05
5,069 ODIN: Automated Drift Detection and Recovery in Video Analytics 2020 VLDB 6.2764765e-05
5,098 DBPA: A Benchmark for Transactional Database Performance Anomalies 2023 SIGMOD 6.2631174e-05
5,370 Pluto: Sample Selection for Robust Anomaly Detection on Polluted Log Data 2024 SIGMOD 6.1434309e-05
5,547 GORDER: An Efficient Method for KNN Join Processing 2004 VLDB 6.0715188e-05
5,577 ImDiffusion: Imputed Diffusion Models for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 6.0619804e-05
5,947 Continuously Adaptive Similarity Search 2020 SIGMOD 5.9194655e-05
6,082 Streaming Anomaly Detection Using Randomized Matrix Sketching 2016 VLDB 5.8754866e-05
6,090 AutoTSAD: Unsupervised Holistic Anomaly Detection for Time Series Data 2024 VLDB 5.8730318e-05
6,215 GraphAn: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2020 VLDB 5.8306354e-05
6,347 Outlier-robust Clustering using Independent Components 2008 SIGMOD 5.7893117e-05
7,064 Human-in-the-loop Outlier Detection 2020 SIGMOD 5.5930864e-05
7,272 Akane: Perplexity-Guided Time Series Data Cleaning 2024 SIGMOD 5.5530425e-05
7,592 Benchmarking the Utility of w-event Differential Privacy Mechanisms - When Baselines Become Mighty Competitors 2023 VLDB 5.4732818e-05
7,661 A Structured Study of Multivariate Time-Series Distance Measures 2025 SIGMOD 5.4565877e-05
7,943 Outlier Summarization via Human Interpretable Rules 2024 VLDB 5.4054523e-05
8,254 A New Distributional Treatment for Time Series and An Anomaly Detection Investigation 2022 VLDB 5.3522908e-05
8,265 Multiple Dynamic Outlier-Detection from a Data Stream by Exploiting Duality of Data and Queries 2021 SIGMOD 5.350063e-05
8,297 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 5.3438874e-05
8,421 TOD: GPU-accelerated Outlier Detection via Tensor Operations 2023 VLDB 5.3197436e-05
9,263 Auto-Test: Learning Semantic-Domain Constraints for Unsupervised Error Detection in Tables 2025 SIGMOD 5.1860131e-05
9,522 TSB-AutoAD: Towards Automated Solutions for Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2025 VLDB 5.151324e-05
9,600 TAB: Unified Benchmarking of Time Series Anomaly Detection Methods 2025 VLDB 5.1376962e-05
9,788 Local Search Methods for k-Means with Outliers 2017 VLDB 5.115551e-05
9,952 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.0910746e-05
10,058 PCOR: Private Contextual Outlier Release via Differentially Private Search 2021 SIGMOD 5.0763606e-05
10,180 Distance-Based Outlier Detection: Consolidation and Renewed Bearing 2010 VLDB 5.0555297e-05
10,546 HYDRA: A Multi-Level Hierarchy-Driven Approach for Robust Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,587 The Power of Anomaly Detection in Predictive Maintenance: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,603 Guardrail: Automated Integrity Constraint Synthesis From Noisy Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 11 of 11 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
32 BIRCH: An Efficient Data Clustering Method for Very Large Databases 1996 SIGMOD 0.00049559562
45 A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces 1998 VLDB 0.00044967652
90 The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data 1996 VLDB 0.00034749222
94 Efficient and Effective Clustering Methods for Spatial Data Mining 1994 VLDB 0.00034470298
300 OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure 1999 SIGMOD 0.00021743411
310 Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data for Data Mining Applications 1998 SIGMOD 0.00021410542
587 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD 0.00015900873
698 Algorithms for Mining Distance-Based Outliers in Large Datasets 1998 VLDB 0.0001465073
1,313 STING: A Statistical Information Grid Approach to Spatial Data Mining 1997 VLDB 0.00011058121
1,996 WaveCluster: A Multi-Resolution Clustering Approach for Very Large Spatial Databases 1998 VLDB 9.2175908e-05
2,712 Finding Intensional Knowledge of Distance-Based Outliers 1999 VLDB 8.0879243e-05
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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 587 Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets 2000 SIGMOD
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4 7,943 Outlier Summarization via Human Interpretable Rules 2024 VLDB
5 3,950 Continuous Outlier Detection in Data Streams: An Extensible Framework and State-Of-The-Art Algorithms 2013 SIGMOD
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