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SAND: Streaming Subsequence Anomaly Detection

Summary: SAND: streaming, online, domain-agnostic subsequence anomaly detection. It updates a normal-behavior model online to track drift, without needing full data, and detects both isolated and recurring anomalies, with large speedups over state-of-the-art. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h2888a94c1181ec7f
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
9.9985086e-05
Overall Rank
1,636 | 89.04%
DOI
10.14778/3467861.3467863
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{boniol_vldb21,
        title = {{SAND: Streaming Subsequence Anomaly Detection}},
        author = {Boniol, Paul and Paparrizos, John and Palpanas, Themis and Franklin, Michael J.},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '21},
        volume = {14},
        number = {10},
        pages = {1717--1729},
        doi = {10.14778/3467861.3467863},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3467861.3467863},
        year = {2021}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 37 of 37 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,007 Anomaly Detection in Time Series: A Comprehensive Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012542496
1,755 TranAD: Deep Transformer Networks for Anomaly Detection in Multivariate Time Series Data 2022 VLDB 9.7074778e-05
1,950 TSB-UAD: An End-to-End Benchmark Suite for Univariate Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 9.303437e-05
1,981 Decomposed Bounded Floats for Fast Compression and Queries 2021 VLDB 9.2505963e-05
2,268 ELPIS: Graph-Based Similarity Search for Scalable Data Science 2023 VLDB 8.7144632e-05
3,311 Volume Under the Surface: A New Accuracy Evaluation Measure for Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 7.4166167e-05
3,734 Choose Wisely: An Extensive Evaluation of Model Selection for Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2023 VLDB 7.0434227e-05
4,935 METER: A Dynamic Concept Adaptation Framework for Online Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 6.3343977e-05
5,577 ImDiffusion: Imputed Diffusion Models for Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection 2024 VLDB 6.0619804e-05
6,090 AutoTSAD: Unsupervised Holistic Anomaly Detection for Time Series Data 2024 VLDB 5.8730318e-05
6,283 An Experimental Evaluation of Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2024 VLDB 5.8075726e-05
6,712 MOST: Model-Based Compression with Outlier Storage for Time Series Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.6852386e-05
7,119 Time-Series Clustering: A Comprehensive Study of Data Mining, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning Methods 2025 VLDB 5.580601e-05
7,661 A Structured Study of Multivariate Time-Series Distance Measures 2025 SIGMOD 5.4565877e-05
7,786 OneShotSTL: One-Shot Seasonal-Trend Decomposition For Online Time Series Anomaly Detection And Forecasting 2023 VLDB 5.4359188e-05
8,421 TOD: GPU-accelerated Outlier Detection via Tensor Operations 2023 VLDB 5.3197436e-05
9,522 TSB-AutoAD: Towards Automated Solutions for Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2025 VLDB 5.151324e-05
9,523 Beyond Compression: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Lossless Floating-Point Compression 2025 VLDB 5.151324e-05
9,528 Time-Series Anomaly Detection: Overview and New Trends 2024 VLDB 5.151324e-05
9,660 Theseus: Navigating the Labyrinth of Time-Series Anomaly Detection 2022 VLDB 5.1289226e-05
9,694 Odyssey: An Engine Enabling The Time-Series Clustering Journey 2023 VLDB 5.1258854e-05
9,696 dCAM: Dimension-wise Class Activation Map for Explaining Multivariate Data Series Classification 2022 SIGMOD 5.1258854e-05
9,951 SPARTAN: Data-Adaptive Symbolic Time-Series Approximation 2025 SIGMOD 5.0910746e-05
10,546 HYDRA: A Multi-Level Hierarchy-Driven Approach for Robust Anomaly Detection in Time Series 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,560 MUFASA: Fast and Accurate Multivariate Time-Series Clustering 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,587 The Power of Anomaly Detection in Predictive Maintenance: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,696 CANDOR-Bench: Benchmarking In-Memory Continuous ANNS under Dynamic Open-World Streams [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,049 MCAD: Multivariate Correlation Anomaly Data Generator 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,178 In-Database Time Series Clustering 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,234 TD-Join: Leveraging Temporal Dependencies in Time Series Joins 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,277 Understanding the Black Box: A Deep Empirical Dive into Shapley Value Approximations for Tabular Data 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,313 Streaming Time Series Subsequence Anomaly Detection: A Glance and Focus Approach 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,408 BURST: Rendering Clustering Techniques Suitable for Evolving Streams 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,509 MLP-Mixer based Masked Autoencoders Are Effective, Explainable and Robust for Time Series Anomaly Detection 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,515 Representative Time Series Discovery for Data Exploration 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,799 Accelerating Similarity Search for Elastic Measures: A Study and New Generalization of Lower Bounding Distances 2023 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
13,822 SAND in Action: Subsequence Anomaly Detection for Streams 2021 VLDB -
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 10 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
143 LOF: Identifying Density-Based Local Outliers 2000 SIGMOD 0.00029095978
147 Gorilla: A Fast, Scalable, In-Memory Time Series Database 2015 VLDB 0.00028941363
1,482 Distance-based Outlier Detection in Data Streams 2016 VLDB 0.00010501175
1,578 k-Shape: Efficient and Accurate Clustering of Time Series 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010155847
2,364 Online Outlier Detection in Sensor Data Using Non-Parametric Models 2006 VLDB 8.5549846e-05
2,388 Series2Graph: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection for Time Series 2020 VLDB 8.52352e-05
4,334 GRAIL: Efficient Time-Series Representation Learning 2019 VLDB 6.6441978e-05
4,717 Debunking Four Long-Standing Misconceptions of Time-Series Distance Measures 2020 SIGMOD 6.4388287e-05
6,202 VergeDB: A Database for IoT Analytics on Edge Devices 2021 CIDR 5.8347611e-05
6,215 GraphAn: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection 2020 VLDB 5.8306354e-05
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3 9,528 Time-Series Anomaly Detection: Overview and New Trends 2024 VLDB
4 11,313 Streaming Time Series Subsequence Anomaly Detection: A Glance and Focus Approach 2025 VLDB
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