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The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles

Summary: R*-tree: joint optimization of area, margin, and overlap in inner nodes for rectangles and multidimensional points. Extensive experiments on a standardized testbed show it outperforms Guttman’s linear/quadratic R-trees and Greene’s variant across point/rectangle queries and map overlay, with efficient data support and only modest implementation cost. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hf9e5c18551cae259
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
1990
Pagerank
0.0011405675
Overall Rank
4 | 99.98%
DOI
10.1145/93597.98741

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{beckmann_sigmod90,
        title = {{The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles}},
        author = {Beckmann, Norbert and Kriegel, Hans-Peter and Schneider, Ralf and Seeger, Bernhard},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '90},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/93597.98741},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/93597.98741},
        year = {1990}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 281 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,237 Processing Queries By Linear Constraints 1997 PODS 0.00011396286
1,304 Continuous Nearest Neighbor Search 2002 VLDB 0.00011104243
1,404 Towards an Analysis of Range Query Performance in Spatial Data Structures 1993 PODS 0.00010767648
1,405 A Model for the Prediction of R-tree Performance 1996 PODS 0.0001076417
1,446 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010629222
1,485 PM-LSH: A Fast and Accurate LSH Framework for High-Dimensional Approximate NN Search 2020 VLDB 0.00010523759
1,518 Indexing Multi-Dimensional Uncertain Data with Arbitrary Probability Density Functions 2005 VLDB 0.00010396565
1,529 Column Imprints: A Secondary Index Structure 2013 SIGMOD 0.00010348765
1,530 LazyLSH: Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search for Multiple Distance Functions with a Single Index 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010344205
1,546 Building a Scalable Geo-Spatial DBMS: Technology, Implementation, and Evaluation 1997 SIGMOD 0.00010294163
1,552 Incremental Distance Join Algorithms for Spatial Databases 1998 SIGMOD 0.00010275036
1,554 Efficient Structural Joins on Indexed XML Documents 2002 VLDB 0.00010270419
1,571 Reverse kNN Search in Arbitrary Dimensionality 2004 VLDB 0.00010201796
1,589 Efficient Searching with Linear Constraints (Extended Abstract) 1998 PODS 0.00010139591
1,625 Towards Efficient Index Construction and Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2023 VLDB 0.0001004502
1,643 Relaxing Join and Selection Queries 2006 VLDB 0.00010006399
1,714 Spreadsheets in RDBMS for OLAP 2003 SIGMOD 9.80996e-05
1,719 Closest Pair Queries in Spatial Databases 2000 SIGMOD 9.7976056e-05
1,730 A Generic Framework for Monitoring Continuous Spatial Queries over Moving Objects 2005 SIGMOD 9.7654336e-05
1,774 ArrayStore: A Storage Manager for Complex Parallel Array Processing 2011 SIGMOD 9.6688719e-05
1,793 The A-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Spaces Using Relative Approximation 2000 VLDB 9.6235776e-05
1,813 Efficient User-Adaptable Similarity Search in Large Multimedia Databases 1997 VLDB 9.5801503e-05
1,856 Efficient Retrieval of the Top-k Most Relevant Spatial Web Objects 2009 VLDB 9.4938262e-05
1,878 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4451309e-05
1,892 Efficient Computation of Reverse Skyline Queries 2007 VLDB 9.4166991e-05
1,912 MindReader: Querying databases through multiple examples 1998 VLDB 9.3904326e-05
1,922 Scalable Sweeping-Based Spatial Join 1998 VLDB 9.3751198e-05
1,945 Incremental Clustering for Mining in a Data Warehousing Environment 1998 VLDB 9.3257256e-05
1,956 A Generic Approach to Bulk Loading Multidimensional Index Structures 1997 VLDB 9.3169059e-05
2,016 Optimizing Multidimensional Index Trees for Main Memory Access 2001 SIGMOD 9.1771614e-05
2,064 Query and Update Efficient B+-Tree Based Indexing of Moving Objects 2004 VLDB 9.0942902e-05
2,079 A Cost Model for Similarity Queries in Metric Spaces 1998 PODS 9.0775779e-05
2,162 Selectivity Estimation in Spatial Databases 1999 SIGMOD 8.935022e-05
2,205 A Qualitative Comparison Study of Data Structures for Large Line Segment Databases 1992 SIGMOD 8.8556449e-05
2,265 ELPIS: Graph-Based Similarity Search for Scalable Data Science 2023 VLDB 8.7238222e-05
2,309 STRIPES: An Efficient Index for Predicted Trajectories 2004 SIGMOD 8.6626683e-05
2,358 Spatial Joins Using Seeded Trees 1994 SIGMOD 8.5817166e-05
2,367 Capacity Constrained Assignment in Spatial Databases 2008 SIGMOD 8.5623448e-05
2,388 Parallel R-trees 1992 SIGMOD 8.5375939e-05
2,406 On Efficient Spatial Matching 2007 VLDB 8.5169461e-05
2,588 Spatial Joins Using R-trees: Breadth-First Traversal with Global Optimizations 1997 VLDB 8.2518251e-05
2,683 Identifying Similarities, Periodicities and Bursts for Online Search Queries 2004 SIGMOD 8.1393112e-05
2,706 On Effective Multi-Dimensional Indexing for Strings 2000 SIGMOD 8.1111109e-05
2,724 Efficient Numerical Error Bounding for Replicated Network Services 2000 VLDB 8.0923863e-05
2,730 Return of the Lernaean Hydra: Experimental Evaluation of Data Series Approximate Similarity Search 2020 VLDB 8.0861221e-05
2,827 Estimating the Selectivity of Spatial Queries Using the 'Correlation' Fractal Dimension 1995 VLDB 7.967335e-05
2,828 Segment Indexes: Dynamic Indexing Techniques for Multi-Dimensional Interval Data 1991 SIGMOD 7.9650643e-05
2,871 Graph-Based Vector Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art 2025 SIGMOD 7.9229231e-05
2,872 The Lernaean Hydra of Data Series Similarity Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State of the Art 2019 VLDB 7.9228762e-05
2,911 Indexing Large Trajectory Data Sets With SETI* 2003 CIDR 7.8720638e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 2 of 2 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.001992968
116 Direct Spatial Search on Pictorial Databases Using Packed R-trees 1985 SIGMOD 0.00031645463
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