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Graph-Based Vector Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art

Summary: Large-scale survey and evaluation of in-memory graph-based vector search, comparing 12 methods on up to 1B vectors. Five paradigms—seed, incremental insertion, neighborhood propagation, diversification, divide-and-conquer—frame the space; incremental insertion and diversification perform best, base-graph choice hurts scalability, and data-adaptive seeding/diversification is a key future direction. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
hfabd0b19047ed156
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2025
Pagerank
7.9229231e-05
Overall Rank
2,871 | 80.70%
DOI
10.1145/3709693

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{azizi_sigmod25,
        title = {{Graph-Based Vector Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art}},
        author = {Azizi, Ilias and Echihabi, Karima and Palpanas, Themis},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '25},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3709693},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3709693},
        year = {2025}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 29 of 29 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
5,619 A Topology-Aware Localized Update Strategy for Graph-Based ANN Index 2026 VLDB 6.062554e-05
5,886 MIRAGE-ANNS: Mixed Approach Graph-based Indexing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.9583046e-05
6,465 Integrating Vector Databases across Embedding Models 2026 SIGMOD 5.775649e-05
7,264 Subspace Collision: An Efficient and Accurate Framework for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.5703557e-05
7,305 RWalks: Random Walks as Attribute Diffusers for Filtered Vector Search 2025 SIGMOD 5.5586007e-05
9,136 DARTH: Declarative Recall Through Early Termination for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.2224279e-05
9,560 Distribution-Aware Exploration for Adaptive HNSW Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.1571823e-05
9,563 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.1571823e-05
10,323 Dynamically Detect and Fix Hardness for Efficient Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,325 WoW: A Window-to-Window Incremental Index for Range-Filtering Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,326 Fast-Convergent Proximity Graphs for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,395 Proximity Graphs for Similarity Search: Fast Construction, Lower Bounds, and Euclidean Separation 2026 PODS 4.9793485e-05
10,409 An In-Depth Study of Filter-Agnostic Vector Search on a PostgreSQL Database System: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,425 CMANNS: GPU-Accelerated Graph Index Construction for ANNS via Compute-Memory Disaggregation 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,491 PathSeer: Adaptive Neighbor Handling for Efficient Filtered ANN Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,509 TaCo: Data-adaptive and Query-aware Subspace Collision for High-dimensional Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,511 Through the Lens of Hubness: A Revisit on Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,540 Accelerating High-Dimensional ANN Search via Skipping Redundant Distance Computations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,624 CANDOR-Bench: Benchmarking In-Memory Continuous ANNS under Dynamic Open-World Streams [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,642 FGIM: a Fast Graph-based Indexes Merging Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,680 Reveal Hidden Pitfalls and Navigate Next Generation of Vector Similarity Search from Task-Centric Views: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,726 I/O Optimizations for Graph-Based Disk-Resident Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search: A Design Space Exploration 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,745 Balancing the Blend: An Experimental Analysis of Trade-offs in Hybrid Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,753 An Experimental Evaluation of Hybrid Querying on Vectors 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,829 RNSG: A Range-Aware Graph Index for Efficient Range-Filtered Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,836 HEXA: A Disjoint-Subgraph-Based Indexing Framework for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search at Billion Scale 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,851 GAS: A Lightweight Framework for Filtered Search over Wide-table Vectors 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,874 BBC: Improving Large-k Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search with a Bucket-based Result Collector 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,900 ANNiE: A Learned Query Cost Estimator for Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2 R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure For Spatial Searching 1984 SIGMOD 0.001992968
4 The R*-tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles 1990 SIGMOD 0.0011405675
20 Similarity Search in High Dimensions via Hashing 1999 VLDB 0.00057568153
74 Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search With The Navigating Spreading-out Graph 2019 VLDB 0.00037091678
193 Locally Adaptive Dimensionality Reduction for Indexing Large Time Series Databases 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025648171
298 Query-Aware Locality-Sensitive Hashing for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2016 VLDB 0.00021833987
345 A Comprehensive Survey and Experimental Comparison of Graph-Based Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2021 VLDB 0.00020445545
457 Distributed Representations of Tuples for Entity Resolution 2018 VLDB 0.00017907103
562 SRS: Solving c-Approximate Nearest Neighbor Queries in High Dimensional Euclidean Space with a Tiny Index 2015 VLDB 0.00016335405
650 HD-Index: Pushing the Scalability-Accuracy Boundary for Approximate kNN Search in High-Dimensional Spaces 2018 VLDB 0.00015149775
1,684 HVS: Hierarchical Graph Structure Based on Voronoi Diagrams for Solving Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 2022 VLDB 9.8801753e-05
2,265 ELPIS: Graph-Based Similarity Search for Scalable Data Science 2023 VLDB 8.7238222e-05
2,375 Series2Graph: Graph-based Subsequence Anomaly Detection for Time Series 2020 VLDB 8.555841e-05
2,730 Return of the Lernaean Hydra: Experimental Evaluation of Data Series Approximate Similarity Search 2020 VLDB 8.0861221e-05
2,872 The Lernaean Hydra of Data Series Similarity Search: An Experimental Evaluation of the State of the Art 2019 VLDB 7.9228762e-05
3,513 Scalable, Variable-Length Similarity Search in Data Series: The ULISSE Approach 2018 VLDB 7.2438813e-05
4,304 Data Series Progressive Similarity Search with Probabilistic Quality Guarantees 2020 SIGMOD 6.6771697e-05
4,680 Coconut: A Scalable Bottom-Up Approach for Building Data Series Indexes 2018 VLDB 6.4722037e-05
4,886 Permutation Search Methods are Efficient, Yet Faster Search is Possible 2015 VLDB 6.3694868e-05
6,181 High-Dimensional Vector Similarity Search: From Time Series to Deep Network Embeddings 2020 SIGMOD 5.8595125e-05
9,440 Odyssey: A Journey in the Land of Distributed Data Series Similarity Search 2023 VLDB 5.1771634e-05
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