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Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory

Summary: Introduces write-atomic B+-Trees for NVMM, using indirect slots/bitmaps to avoid entry movement and enable node-level atomicity or redo-only logging. Cuts persistence overhead, delivering up to 27.1× faster updates than prior logging/shadowing designs. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
11377
Venue
VLDB
Year
2015
Pagerank
0.00015695264
Overall Rank
621 | 95.75%
DOI
10.14778/2752939.2752949

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{chen_vldb15,
        title = {{Persistent B+-Trees in Non-Volatile Main Memory}},
        author = {Chen, Shimin and Jin, Qin},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '15},
        volume = {8},
        number = {7},
        pages = {786--797},
        doi = {10.14778/2752939.2752949},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/2752939.2752949},
        year = {2015}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 41 of 41 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
491 FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory 2016 SIGMOD 0.00017575163
948 BzTree: A High-Performance Latch-free Range Index for Non-Volatile Memory 2018 VLDB 0.0001303916
1,258 Managing Non-Volatile Memory in Database Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00011438197
1,368 Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 0.00011003184
1,480 Write-Behind Logging 2017 VLDB 0.00010649376
1,551 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010381398
1,823 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB 9.6739945e-05
2,246 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB 8.8734154e-05
2,707 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes 2020 VLDB 8.2279594e-05
2,910 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9700885e-05
3,455 How to Build a Non-Volatile Memory Database Management System 2017 SIGMOD 7.4000022e-05
4,578 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.6210545e-05
4,682 Persistent Memory Hash Indexes: An Experimental Evaluation 2021 VLDB 6.5651164e-05
4,888 Enabling Low Tail Latency on Multicore Key-Value Stores 2020 VLDB 6.4609843e-05
5,954 When Tree Meets Hash: Reducing Random Reads for Index Structures on Persistent Memories 2023 SIGMOD 6.0292226e-05
5,993 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB 6.0158662e-05
6,086 Plush: A Write-Optimized Persistent Log-Structured Hash-Table 2022 VLDB 5.9817424e-05
6,105 Optimizing In-memory Database Engine for AI-powered On-line Decision Augmentation Using Persistent Memory 2021 VLDB 5.9743349e-05
6,397 Halo: A Hybrid PMem-DRAM Persistent Hash Index with Fast Recovery 2022 SIGMOD 5.8869998e-05
6,679 Revisiting the Design of LSM-tree Based OLTP Storage Engine with Persistent Memory 2021 VLDB 5.8050516e-05
6,733 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.7880281e-05
6,859 Zen: a High-Throughput Log-Free OLTP Engine for Non-Volatile Main Memory 2021 VLDB 5.7520461e-05
7,046 NVM: Is it Not Very Meaningful for Databases? 2023 VLDB 5.7185159e-05
7,883 PiBench Online: Interactive Benchmarking of Persistent Memory Indexes 2020 VLDB 5.5234705e-05
7,906 Buffered Persistence in B+ Trees 2024 SIGMOD 5.5181056e-05
8,082 Pea Hash: A Performant Extendible Adaptive Hashing Index 2023 SIGMOD 5.4915503e-05
8,167 DecLog: Decentralized Logging in Non-Volatile Memory for Time Series Database Systems 2024 VLDB 5.4745703e-05
8,579 Cost Modelling for Optimal Data Placement in Heterogeneous Main Memory 2022 VLDB 5.4087323e-05
8,833 Hamming Tree: The Case for Energy-Aware Indexing for NVMs 2023 SIGMOD 5.3599647e-05
8,963 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 5.3435901e-05
9,151 Tair-PMem: A Fully Durable Non-Volatile Memory Database 2022 VLDB 5.3133586e-05
9,409 NV-SQL: Boosting OLTP Performance with Non-Volatile DIMMs 2023 VLDB 5.2750967e-05
9,423 Extending the Lifetime of NVM: Challenges and Opportunities 2021 VLDB 5.2717556e-05
9,573 Data Structure Engineering For Byte-Addressable Non-Volatile Memory 2017 SIGMOD 5.2528121e-05
10,011 Sage: Parallel Semi-Asymmetric Graph Algorithms for NVRAMs 2020 VLDB 5.1772034e-05
10,197 ART That Lasts: Persistent Multiversion Adaptive Radix Trees with Fast Atomic Range Queries 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,480 PartitionKV: Redesigning LSM-tree KV Stores on NVMs with Adaptive Partitioning for Reducing Write Stalls and Amplification 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,489 RadixGraph: A Fast, Space-Optimized Data Structure for Dynamic Graph Storage 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,545 SIDLE: Tree-structure Aware Indexes for CXL-based Heterogeneous Memory 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,011 From Scale-Up to Scale-Out: PolarDB’s Journey to Achieving 2 Billion tpmC 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
12,033 A Study of Sorting Algorithms on Approximate Memory 2016 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 8 of 8 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3 Pregel: A System for Large-Scale Graph Processing 2010 SIGMOD 0.0012250108
38 Hekaton: SQL Server’s Memory-Optimized OLTP Engine 2013 SIGMOD 0.00047648573
67 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00038461275
545 Improving Index Performance through Prefetching 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016766463
658 Rethinking Database Algorithms for Phase Change Memory 2011 CIDR 0.0001523554
840 Storage Management in the NVRAM Era 2014 VLDB 0.00013683877
1,996 Write-limited sorts and joins for persistent memory 2014 VLDB 9.3396464e-05
2,092 Integrating Reliable Memory in Databases 1997 VLDB 9.185168e-05
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# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 2,246 DPTree: Differential Indexing for Persistent Memory 2020 VLDB
2 12,025 Anti-Persistence on Persistent Storage: History-Independent Sparse Tables and Dictionaries 2016 PODS
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7 491 FPTree: A Hybrid SCM-DRAM Persistent and Concurrent B-Tree for Storage Class Memory 2016 SIGMOD
8 1,823 LB+-Trees: Optimizing Persistent Index Performance on 3DXPoint Memory 2020 VLDB
9 5,993 NBTree: a Lock-free PM-friendly Persistent B+-Tree for eADR-enabled PM Systems 2022 VLDB
10 7,906 Buffered Persistence in B+ Trees 2024 SIGMOD